Intracellular signaling pathways

Grb-2 facilitates the transduction of an extracellular stimulus to an intracellular signaling pathway, (b) The adaptor protein PSD-95 associates through one of its three PDZ domains with the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor. Another PDZ domain associates with a PDZ domain from neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Through its interaction with PSD-95, nNOS is localized to the NMDA receptor. Stimulation by glutamate induces an influx of calcium, which activates nNOS, resulting in the production of nitric oxide. 

Although toxic agents have the potential to cause necrosis, some of them can interfere with intracellular signaling pathways and induce apoptosis instead of necrosis. It seems that organotin(IV) compounds exert their toxic effects involving all these processes. The precise balance of these actions and their outcomes may differ radically from one cell type to another and among different organisms. 

Burnett KG. 1997. Evalirating intracellular signaling pathways as biomarkers for environmental contaminant exposures. Am Zoologist 37 585-594. 

Blanpain C, Wittamer V, Vanderwinden JM, et al. Palmitoylation of CCR5 is critical for receptor trafficking and efficient activation of intracellular signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 2001 276(26) 23795-23804. 

Palozza, P, Serini, S, and Calviello, G, 2006. Carotenoids as modulators of intracellular signaling pathways. Curr Signal Transduct Ther 1, 325-335. 

Three phases of receptor-mediated signaling can be identified 178 Four distinct molecular mechanisms that link agonist occupancy of cell-surface receptors to functional responses have been identified 178 Cross-talk can occur between intracellular signaling pathways 179 Signaling molecules can activate gene transcription 181 Nitric oxide acts as an intercellular signaling molecule in the central nervous system 181... 

Ligand-activated intracellular signaling pathways induce the transcription of ERGs that encode for four categories of cell proteins (1) transcription factors,... 

INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS INTEGRATE ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC CUES INVOLVED IN MOOD 895... 

A crucial kinase that functions as an intermediary in numerous intracellular signaling pathways is the enzyme glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) 898... 

Inositol, the building block of the phosphoinositide intracellular signaling pathway, has been examined as a potential anxiolytic. In clinical trials, inositol has reported to be effective in both panic disorder [114, 115] and depression [116], and animal data are also favorable. Because of inositol s status as a dietary supplement, there is little financial backing for studies of its efficacy and safety. The mechanism of action of inositol is not entirely clear, but it is believed to facilitate phosphoinositide-signaling-coupled neurotransmission. 

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