Carbon dioxide production

Table 3. Carbon Dioxide Production in the United States, 10 t...

Carbon dioxide production Rate at which the pulmonary bloodstream transports carbon dioxide, produced by metabolic processes, to the pulmonary airstream. 

Respiratory exchange ration Ratio of carbon dioxide production to oxygen... 

The second method is by use of the heart rate. The total heart rate is regarded as a sum of several components and, in general, is linearly related to the metabolic heat production for heart rates above 120 beats per minute. Heat stress will, however, also increase the heat rate. The third method is to calculate the metabolic heat production from measures of oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide production during activity and recovery. 

Carbon dioxide production The quantity of carbon dioxide exhaled from the human body, depends on the metabolic rate. 

On January 2, 1969, two vessels containing carbon dioxide in a carbon dioxide production and filling plant exploded in rapid succession. The explosion completely destroyed the tank yard of the plant and killed nine people. Fifteen people were injured. 

Figure 2.19. Carbon dioxide production plant layout.

DeLuca, M., et al. (1971). Mechanism of oxidative carbon dioxide production during Renilla reniformis bioluminescence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 68 1658-1660. 

Bredt DS, Snyder SEl Nitric oxide, a novel neuronal messenger. Neuron 8 3—11, 1992 Brouette T, Anton R Clinical review of inhalants. Am J Addict 10 79-94, 2001 Brown ES, Nejtek VA, Perantie DC, et al Quetiapine in bipolar disorder and cocaine dependence. Bipolar Disord4 406 11, 2002 Bushnell PJ, Evans EIL, Palmes ED Effects of toluene inhalation on carbon dioxide production and locomotor activity in mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 5 971-977, 1983... 

Table 27-1. Energy yields, oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide production in the oxidation of metabolic fuels.

Sodium bicarbonate tablets are administered in increments of 325 and 650 mg tablets. A 650 mg tablet of sodium bicarbonate contains 7.7 mEq (7.7 mmol) each of sodium and bicarbonate. Sodium retention associated with sodium bicarbonate can cause volume overload, which can exacerbate hypertension and chronic heart failure. Patient tolerability of sodium bicarbonate is low because of carbon dioxide production in the GI tract that occurs during dissolution. 

Hypercapnia (abnormally high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood) can develop as a result of overfeeding with both dextrose and total calories.1,37 Excess carbon dioxide production and retention can lead to acute respiratory acidosis. The excess carbon dioxide also will stimulate compensatory mechanisms, resulting in an increase in respiratory rate in order to eliminate the excess carbon dioxide via the lungs. This increase in respiratory workload can cause respiratory insufficiency that may require mechanical ventilation. Reducing total calorie and dextrose intake would result in resolution of hypercapnia if due to overfeeding. 

As metabolism increases, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production are enhanced. The concentration of hydrogen ions is also enhanced as more carbonic acid (formed from carbon dioxide) and lactic acid are produced by the working tissue. Furthermore, the concentration of potassium ions in the interstitial fluid is increased. The rate of potassium release from the cells due to repeated action potentials exceeds the rate of potassium... 

Beyond this point, during more severe exercise associated with anaerobic metabolism, minute ventilation increases faster than the rate of oxygen consumption, but proportionally to the increase in carbon dioxide production. The mechanism of the ventilatory response to severe exercise involves metabolic acidosis caused by anaerobic metabolism. The lactic acid produced under these conditions liberates an H+ ion that effectively stimulates the peripheral chemoreceptors to increase ventilation. 

Recommended doses for routine clinical care rarely exceed 5 mg/kg/min in older children and adults. Higher infusion rates contribute to the development of hyperglycemia, excess carbon dioxide production, and increased biochemical markers for liver function. Doses in infants and young children can exceed 5 mg/kg/min. 

Measurements made in the Type I pile and the Type III pile show no depletion in oxygen or increase in carbon dioxide concentrations, indicating gas transport mechanisms are fast relative to the rate of the oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production due to geochemical reactions. In the Covered pile, significant depletions in oxygen and increases in carbon dioxide concentration have been observed at some locations, suggesting gas transport rates are limited by the till... 

Kovacs D, Rozsa-Szucs B, Fiileky G (2007) Determination of the maturity of composts based on oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production and a self-heating test. Agrochem Soil Sci 56 301-316... 

VC02, mL/min = volume of carbon dioxide production (or output)... 

Interpreting Data The rate of carbon dioxide production by the yeast can be found by calculating the slope of the graph. Return to the MAIN MENU and choose 5 FIT CURVE. Choose TLINEAR LI, L2. The slope will be listed under LINEAR as A of Y = A X + B. Record this value. 

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