Steels nickel

Apparatus, The Parr Bomb is made of pure nickel, or of nickel-steel with a very high nickel content it remains clean and bright after many operations. Stainless steel is not employed, as it is attacked under the conditions employed. 

Nickel, used extensively to make coins and nickel steel for armor plates and burglar-proof vaults, and is also a component in Nichrome(R), Permalloy(R), and constantan. 

Chromenes Chrome-nickel alloys Chrome-nickel steels Chrome nitrate Chrome ore Chrome oxide greens Chrome plating Chrome tanning Chrome-tin... 

The austenitic iron—chromium—nickel alloys were developed in Germany around 1910 in a search for materials for use in pyrometer tubes. Further work led to the widely used versatile 18% chromium—8% nickel steels, the socaHed 18—8. 

The first iron—nickel martensitic alloys contained ca 0.01% carbon, 20 or 25% nickel, and 1.5—2.5% aluminum and titanium. Later an 18% nickel steel containing cobalt, molybdenum, and titanium was developed, and still more recentiy a senes of 12% nickel steels containing chromium and molybdenum came on the market. 

By adjusting the content of cobalt, molybdenum, and titanium, the 18% nickel steel can attain yield strengths of 1380—2070 MPa (200,000—300,000 psi) after the aging treatment. Similarly, yield strengths of 12% nickel steel in the range of 1035—1380 MPa (150,000—200,000 psi) can be developed by adjusting its composition. 

As for storage tanks, stainless steel and lacquer-lined mild steel are suitable materials of constmction for pipe lines. For pumps, valves, etc, various alloys are suitable, including phosphor bronze, gun metal. Monel, stainless steel, and certain nickel steel alloys. Alloys with high proportions of ziac and tin together with copper and aluminum are not recommended. 

The stainless steels contain appreciable amounts of Cr, Ni, or both. The straight chrome steels, types 410, 416, and 430, contain about 12, 13, and 16 wt % Cr respectively. The chrome—nickel steels include type 301 (18 wt % Cr and 9 wt % Ni), type 304 (19 wt % Cr and 10 wt % Ni), and type 316 (19 wt % Cr and 12 wt % Ni). Additionally, type 316 contains 2—3 wt % Mo which gready improves resistance to crevice corrosion in seawater as well as general corrosion resistance. AH of the stainless steels offer exceptional improvement in atmospheric conditions. The corrosion resistance results from the formation of a passive film and, for this reason, these materials are susceptible to pitting corrosion and to crevice corrosion. For example, type 304 stainless has very good resistance to moving seawater but does pit in stagnant seawater. 

Asahi also reports an undivided cell process employing a lead alloy cathode, a nickel—steel anode, and an electrolyte composed of an emulsion of 20 wt % of an oil phase and 80 wt % of an aqueous phase (125). The aqueous phase is 10 wt % K HPO, 3 wt % K B O, and 2 wt % (C2H (C4H )2N)2HP04. The oil phase is about 28 wt % acrylonitrile and 50 wt % adiponitrile. The balance of the oil phase consists of by-products and water. The cell operates at a current density of 20 A/dm at 50°C. Circulated across the cathode surface at a superficial velocity of 1.5 m/s is the electrolyte. A 91% selectivity to adiponitrile is claimed at a current efficiency of 90%. The respective anode and cathode corrosion rates are about mg/(Ah). Asahi s improved EHD process is reported to have been commercialized in 1987. 

Zinc—Nickel. Steel has the best salt spray resistance when the nickel is 12—13% of the alloy. At increasing nickel contents, the deposit becomes more difficult to chromate and more noble, eventually becoming cathodic to steel. At those levels and above, corrosion resistance usually decreases and is dependent on a complete lack of porosity for protection of the steel. In efforts to replace cadmium and nickel—ca dmium diffused coatings in the aircraft industry, 2inc—nickel has insufficient wear properties for some appHcation, but is under study as an undercoat to various electroless nickel top coats (153). 

In the stainless group, nickel greatly improves corrosion resistance over straight chromium stainless. Even so, the chromium-nickel steels, particularly the 18-8 alloys, perform best under oxidizing conditions, since resistance depends on an oxide film on the surface of the alloy. Reducing conditions and chloride ions destroy this film and bring on rapid attack. Chloride ions tend to cause pitting and crevice... 

Nickel Steel Low-carbon 9 percent nickel steel is a ferritic alloy developed for use in cryogenic equipment operating as low as —I95°C (—320°F). ASTM specifications A 300 and A 353 cover low-carbon 9 percent nickel steel (A 300 is the basic specification for low-temperature ferritic steels). Refinements in welding and (ASME code-approved) ehmination of postweld thermal treatments make 9 percent steel competitive with many low-cost materials used at low temperatures. 

Dichlorosilane C E T Nickel and nickel steels and Stainless steel for moist gas... 

The new recommendations said that refrigerated LFG tanks should be made from materials such as 9% nickel steel, which will not propagate a... 

Total world production of nickel is in the region of 1.0 million tonnes pa of which (1995) 25% comes from the former Soviet Union, 18% from Canada, 12% from New Caledonia and 10% from Australia. The bulk of this is used in the production of alloys both ferrous and non-ferrous. In 1889 J. Riley of Glasgow published a report on the effect of adding nickel to steel. This was noticed by the US Navy who initiated the use of nickel steels in armour plating. Stainless steels contain up to 8% Ni and the use of Alnico steel for permanent magnets has already been mentioned (p. 1114). 

C. E. Guillaume (Sevres) service rendered to precise measurements in physics by discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys. 

Chrom-kali, n. (rotes) potassium dichromate (gelbes) potassium chromate, -karbid, n. chromium carbide, -lack, m. chrome lake, -leder, n. chrome leather, -leim, m. chrome gelatin chrome glue, -metall, n. chromium metal, -natron, n. (rotss) sodium dichromate (gelbes) sodium chromate, -nickel-stahl, m. chrome-nickel steel. 

For chemical service the necessary parts are available in 3.5 percent nickel steel monel Hastelloy C Stainless Type 316, 304, etc. plastic coated bellows nickel silver nickel plated springs and other workable materials. 

Valves must be made of fatigue-resistant carbon or alloy steel or 18-8 stainless steel, depending upon the service. The 18-8 stainless and 12-14 chrome steel is often used for corrosive and/or high temperature service. Any springs, as in the plate-type valves, are either carbon or nickel steel. Valve passages must be smooth, streamlined, and as large as possi-... 

IMPELLERS Alloy steel Alloy steel or nickel steel Alloy steel Alloy steel or stainless steel Alloy steel or stainless steel Alloy steel or stainless steel... 

Tomashov, N. D., Chernova, G. P. and Markova, O. N., Effect of Alloying Elements on the Tendency of Stainless Chromium-Nickel Steels to Pitting Corrosion , Sa. Korroziya Meta i Splavov, 73 (1963) C.A., 60, 3805b... 

Low-carbon and chromium-nickel steels, certain copper, nickel and aluminium alloys (which are all widely used in marine and offshore engineering) are liable to exhibit stress-corrosion cracking whilst in service in specific environments, where combinations of perhaps relatively modest stress levels in material exposed to environments which are wet, damp or humid, and in the presence of certain gases or ions such as oxygen, chlorides, nitrates, hydroxides, chromates, nitrates, sulphides, sulphates, etc. 

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