Nickel-zinc

Deposits. Selenium forms natural compounds with 16 other elements. It is a main constituent of 39 mineral species and a minor component of 37 others, chiefly sulfides. The minerals are finely disseminated and do not form a selenium ore. Because there are no deposits that can be worked for selenium recovery alone, there are no mine reserves. Nevertheless, the 1995 world reserves, chiefly in nonferrous metals sulfide deposits, are ca 70,000 metric tons and total resources are ca 130,000 t (24). The principal resources of the world are in the base metal sulfide deposits that are mined primarily for copper, zinc, nickel, and silver, and to a lesser extent, lead and mercury, where selenium recovery is secondary. 

Other alkaline primary cells couple zinc with oxides of mercury or silver and some even use atmospheric oxygen (zinc—air cell). Frequendy, zinc powder is used in the fabrication of batteries because of its high surface area. Secondary (rechargeable) cells with zinc anodes under development are the alkaline zinc—nickel oxide and zinc—chlorine (see Batteries). 

Design and Cost Study Zinc—Nickel Oxide Batterg for Electric Vehicle Propulsion inEinalEeport, ANE Contract No. Yardney Elect. Corp., Oct. 

As of this writing the 2inc alloys are too new to have actual corrosion resistance data, except for that based on accelerated tests. Zinc—nickel usually shows better results than 2inc-cobalt in salt spray tests. The reverse is tme when the Kesternich test is used. Tin—2inc performs well in both salt spray and Kesternich tests, but appears only to equal 2inc plating and 2inc—nickel in humidity tests. 

Zinc—Nickel. Steel has the best salt spray resistance when the nickel is 12—13% of the alloy. At increasing nickel contents, the deposit becomes more difficult to chromate and more noble, eventually becoming cathodic to steel. At those levels and above, corrosion resistance usually decreases and is dependent on a complete lack of porosity for protection of the steel. In efforts to replace cadmium and nickel—ca dmium diffused coatings in the aircraft industry, 2inc—nickel has insufficient wear properties for some appHcation, but is under study as an undercoat to various electroless nickel top coats (153). 

Hall, D. E. Electrodeposited Zinc-Nickel Alloy Coatings —A Review , Plating and Surface Fin., 59-65 (Nov. 1983)... 

Smaller amounts of various other metals and their oxides are also commonly found in deposits including copper, zinc, nickel, and aluminum. 

In Fig. 1 there is indicated the division of the nine outer orbitals into these two classes. It is assumed that electrons occupying orbitals of the first class (weak interatomic interactions) in an atom tend to remain unpaired (Hund s rule of maximum multiplicity), and that electrons occupying orbitals of the second class pair with similar electrons of adjacent atoms. Let us call these orbitals atomic orbitals and bond orbitals, respectively. In copper all of the atomic orbitals are occupied by pairs. In nickel, with ou = 0.61, there are 0.61 unpaired electrons in atomic orbitals, and in cobalt 1.71. (The deviation from unity of the difference between the values for cobalt and nickel may be the result of experimental error in the cobalt value, which is uncertain because of the magnetic hardness of this element.) This indicates that the energy diagram of Fig. 1 does not change very much from metal to metal. Substantiation of this is provided by the values of cra for copper-nickel alloys,12 which decrease linearly with mole fraction of copper from mole fraction 0.6 of copper, and by the related values for zinc-nickel and other alloys.13 The value a a = 2.61 would accordingly be expected for iron, if there were 2.61 or more d orbitals in the atomic orbital class. We conclude from the observed value [Pg.347]

Soldo D, Behra R (2000) Long-term effects of copper on the structure of freshwater periphyton communities and their tolerance to copper, zinc, nickel and silver. Aquat Toxicol 47 181... 

The mixtures of selenium and zinc, nickel or sodium glow on heating. The danger of the reaction depends on the state of division. With potassium, the ignition is immediate. 

The zone elution method has been used for quantitative estimation or recovery of heavy metals in plants and vegetable juices [29], mercury (11) in river and waste waters [52], zinc in different environmental samples [46], nickel and copper in alloys [53], zirconium in Mg-Al alloys [22], cobalt, zinc, nickel, and copper in natural water and alloy samples [54], thiocyanate in spiked photogenic waste water [55], and aluminum in bauxite ores [42],... 

Mesothermal Moderate temperatures (250-400 °C) and pressures, located away from the intrusive Copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt... 

Picric acid, in common with several other polynitrophenols, is an explosive material in its own right and is usually stored as a water-wet paste. Several dust explosions of dry material have been reported [1]. It forms salts with many metals, some of which (lead, mercury, copper or zinc) are rather sensitive to heat, friction or impact. The salts with ammonia and amines, and the molecular complexes with aromatic hydrocarbons, etc. are, in general, not so sensitive [2], Contact of picric acid with concrete floors may form the friction-sensitive calcium salt [3], Contact of molten picric acid with metallic zinc or lead forms the metal picrates which can detonate the acid. Picrates of lead, iron, zinc, nickel, copper, etc. should be considered dangerously sensitive. Dry picric acid has little effect on these metals at ambient temperature. Picric acid of sufficient purity is of the same order of stability as TNT, and is not considered unduly hazardous in regard to sensitivity [4], Details of handling and disposal procedures have been collected and summarised [5],... 

Zinc-nickel alloy plating, 9 829-831 Zinc Omadine... 

Bruland, K. W. (1980). Oceanographic distributions of cadmium, zinc, nickel, and copper in the North Pacific. Earth Planet. Sci. Letters, 47,176-98. 

GM built an electric vehicle (EV) called the Electrovette in 1980. It was a Chevette with a DC electric motor and zinc nickel oxide batteries. The Electrovette used a mechanical controller. The batteries were expensive and not much better than lead-acid power for extending the range of operation. The Electrovette had controller problems and GM let the project die. 

Other commonly employed redox electrodes are metals such as copper, cobalt, silver, zinc, nickel, and other transition metals. Some p-block metals such as tin, lead and indium can also function as redox electrodes. However, s-block metals such as magnesium do not make good redox electrodes since the elemental metal is reactive and forms a layer of oxide coating, which leads to poor reproducibility, poor electronic conductivity and electrode potentials that are difficult to interpret, (see Section 3.3.1). 

Bermion, D. N. A review of membrane separators and Zinc-Nickel oxide battery development. Prepared for Argorme Na tional Laboratory under Contract No. 31 109 38 5455, October 1980. 

The 5-cent coin of the United States is named after the metal nickel. It is composed of 25% nickel and 75% copper (maybe it should have been named copper, but that name was already used in England for a coin). Thousands of years ago, a variety of metals, mainly gold and silver, were used to make coins. Because of the shortage and price increase of some coinage metals such as gold, silver, and copper, the United States mint now uses less of these metals and substitutes more iron, zinc, nickel, or steel to make the coins of today. 

Zinc, nickel, lead, and cadmium salts Ba-Cd-Zn stabilizers Organo-nickel complexes CdS, CdSe, lead stearate Cadmium laurate Stabilizers Pigments Lubricants... 

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