Stainless steels high alloy

The hydrocarbon gas feedstock and Hquid sulfur are separately preheated in an externally fired tubular heater. When the gas reaches 480—650°C, it joins the vaporized sulfur. A special venturi nozzle can be used for mixing the two streams (81). The mixed stream flows through a radiantly-heated pipe cod, where some reaction takes place, before entering an adiabatic catalytic reactor. In the adiabatic reactor, the reaction goes to over 90% completion at a temperature of 580—635°C and a pressure of approximately 250—500 kPa (2.5—5.0 atm). Heater tubes are constmcted from high alloy stainless steel and reportedly must be replaced every 2—3 years (79,82—84). Furnaces are generally fired with natural gas or refinery gas, and heat transfer to the tube coil occurs primarily by radiation with no direct contact of the flames on the tubes. Design of the furnace is critical to achieve uniform heat around the tubes to avoid rapid corrosion at "hot spots."... 

A small, but important, sector of the steel market is that of the alloy steels the low-alloy steels, the high-alloy "stainless" steels and the tool steels. Alloying elements are added to steels with four main aims in mind ... 

In Europe, the first internal cathodic protection installation was put into operation in 1965 for 24 water-powered Kaplan turbines with a propeller diameter of 7.6 m. These were in the tidal power station at La Ranee in France. The protected object consisted of plain carbon and high-alloy stainless steels. Each turbine was... 

In general, the alloys listed in Table 4.21 are confined to those in which nickel is the principal alloying element, but it should be noted that highly alloyed stainless steels containing 20-30% Cr, and 20-30% Ni with additions of molybdenum and copper have some features in common with the Ni-Cr-Fe-Mo-Cu alloys given in the table. 

When the final column is run at atmospheric pressure, even a highly alloyed stainless steel such as UDDEHOLM 904 L containing 20 % Cr, 25 % Ni, 4.5 % Mo, 1.5 % Cu, 0.4 % Si, and 1.7 % Mn was found to be unsatisfactory. In one known case, the column was made of glass, but a less expensive solution of the problem is rurming the column at reduced pressure to lower all temperatures. As the rate of any chemical reaction, the corrosion rate contains the factor... 

The Dynasafe static kiln is a near-spherical, armored, dual-walled high-alloy stainless steel detonation chamber (heated retort) inside a containment structure (Ohlson et al., 2004).18 The total thickness, including a safety layer, is 15 cm. The detonation chamber can operate in a pyrolytic or oxidizing environment. Intact munitions are indirectly heated by electrical resistance elements between the inner and outer walls of the detonation chamber. The munitions are heated to a temperature of 400°C-600°C, resulting in deflagration, detonation, or burning of the munition s explosive till. The chemical agent in the munition is destroyed as a result of the... 

In carbonated concrete, or in the case where the concrete is extensively cracked, the critical chloride contents are remarkably lower. Situations where carbonated concrete and high chloride levels are simultaneously present are rare, but can be found, for instance, inside road tunnels [29]. The more highly alloyed stainless steels should be preferred in these more aggressive conditions. It is well known that for austenitic and duplex stainless steel, an increase in the content of chro-... 

Figure 6.16 Smoothed cathodic overvoltage curves for a high-alloy stainless steel in aerated and chlorinated seawater at 25 C (From Gartland and Drugli [6.34]).

Wallen B, Anderson T. Galvanic corrosion of copper alloys in contact with a highly alloyed stainless steel in seawater. Stockholm 10th Scandinavian Corrosion Congress, 1986. 

Bemhardson SO, Mellstrom R, Tyncll M. Sandvik 2RK-65, a high alloy stainless steel for sea water cooling. Symp. Advanced Stainless Steels for Seawater Applications. Ass. Italiana de Metallurgia - Climax Mo. Co. 1980. (After Coit RL. Inco Power Conference, Lausanne, 1967.)... 

Ni alloys are practical materials for process equipment in the oil industry, but the best ones are more expensive than the high-alloy stainless steels. Ni and Ni alloys constitute an important material group within other process industries [10.12],... 

List of Important Superalloys/High-Alloy Stainless Steels for Oil and Gas Industry... 

M. Bojinov, I. Betova, M. Bojinov, T. Latinen, K. Makela, P. Pohjanne, and T. Saario [2002] The Transpassive Dissolution Mechanism of Highly Alloyed Stainless Steels I. Experimental Results and Modelling Procedure,... 

Rockel, M. B. and Renner, M., "CriticeJ Review of Laboratory Methods Testing the Resistance of High Alloyed Stainless Steels and Nickel Alloys Against Localized Corrosion in Chloride Solutions, 8th European Congress of Corrosion, Vol. 1, Centre Francais de la Corrosion, Societe de Chimie Indus-trielle, F75007 Paris, France, Nice, France, 19-21 November 1986. 

Bemhardsson, S. and MeUstrom, R., Performance of a Highly Alloyed Stainless Steel in Marine Environments,"... 

Steinsmo, U., Rogne, T., Dmgli, J. A., and Gartltind P. O., High Alloyed Stainless Steels for Chlorinated Seawater Applications—Critical Crevice Temperatures, Engineering Solutions to Industrial Corrosion Problems, NACE International, Sandefjord, Norway, 1993. 

Wallen, B. and Andersson, T., Galvanic Corrosion of Copper Alloys in Contact with a Highly Alloyed Stainless Steel in Seawater, Proceedings of the 10th Scandinavian Corrosion Congress, Stockholm, Sweden, June 1986, pp. 149-154. 

Figure 2.8 3-D atom probe picture of a high alloy stainless steel containing Fe, Cr, Ni, Ti, Al, Cu and Mo. For visibility only the atoms of copper (light) and aluminum (dark) are shown. These atoms are not evenly distributed but have formed Al-Cu particles, whereby the strength of the alloy is enhanced. (Reprinted with the permission of Dr Mats Hattestrand, Chalmers Institute of Technology, Gothenburg, and AB Sandvik Steel, Sweden.)...

The corrosion of carbon steel is more strongly influenced in contact with CuNi materials than in contact with high-alloyed stainless steels. 

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