Effects in the central nervous system

Barbiturate sleeping time in mice is increased by some organophosphates, and this may be due to an impairment of the breakdown of the barbiturate by oxidative degradation [71]. However, the increase of hexobarbital sleeping time by TEPP in mice may be prevented by atropine sulphate, but not by methylatropine [72], This again suggests the involvement of a central cholinergic component of action. 

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Alcohol can affect the metabolism of trichloroethylene. This is noted in both toxicity and pharmacokinetic studies. In toxicity studies, simultaneous exposure to ethanol and trichloroethylene increased the concentration of trichloroethylene in the blood and breath of male volunteers (Stewart et al. 1974c). These people also showed "degreaser s flush"—a transient vasodilation of superficial skin vessels. In rats, depressant effects in the central nervous system are exacerbated by coadministration of ethanol and trichloroethylene (Utesch et al. 1981). 

MCEWEN B s (1999) Clinical review 108 The molecular and neuroanatomical basis for estrogen effects in the central nervous system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 84 1790-97. 

Smith, S. S. (ed.) Neurosteroid Effects in the Central Nervous System The Role of the GABAa Receptor. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press, 2003. 

Pani L, Kuzmin A, Diana M, et al Calcium receptor antagonists modify cocaine effects in the central nervous system differently. Eur J Pharmacol 190 217-221, 1990... 

Psychopharmaceuticals exert their intended effects in the central nervous system (CNS), where they primarily affect those processes that are involved in the transmission of informat ion between nerve cells. All these drugs act via one or several mechanisms that are thought to be impaired or functioning suboptimally in patients with mental disturbances. Such malfunctioning may... 

Atomoxetine is a selective inhibitor of the norepinephrine reuptake transporter. Its actions, therefore, are mediated by potentiation of norepinephrine levels in noradrenergic synapses. It is used in the treatment of attention deficit disorders (see below). Atomoxetine has surprisingly little cardiovascular effect because it has a clonidine-like effect in the central nervous system to decrease sympathetic outflow while at the same time potentiating the effects of norepinephrine in the periphery. However, it may increase blood pressure in some patients. Norepinephrine reuptake is particularly important in the heart, particularly during sympathetic stimulation, and this... 

Beta-blocking drugs given chronically lower blood pressure in patients with hypertension (see Chapter 11). The mechanisms involved are not fully understood but probably include suppression of renin release and effects in the central nervous system. These drugs do not usually cause hypotension in healthy individuals with normal blood pressure. 

Although inhalant abuse is now recognized as a worldwide problem, organic solvents are currently the least studied drugs of abuse. For example, relatively little is known about the underlying cellular mechanisms of action through which these substances produce their effects in the central nervous system."... 

Aprindine can cause adverse effects in the central nervous system (SEDA-1,156). 

Coal tar exerts its acute toxic effects in humans primarily via dermal contact, causing structural damage to the tissues that it comes in contact with, such as the skin and eyes. In addition, respiratory effects are likely to occur after inhalation exposure to coal tar products. Over exposure to coal tar is likely to produce a number of systemic effects in the central nervous system, liver, and kidney. 

Short-term exposure to toxaphene above the levels established by the Environmental Protection Agency (maximum contaminant level (MCE)) has been shown to cause effects in the central nervous system (CNS), which include restlessness, hyperexcitability, tremors, spasms, or convulsions. 

Opioid Effects in the Central Nervous System and the Periphery, 341... 

Nataf, S. et al. (1996) 1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 exerts regional effects in the central nervous system during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 55, 904—914. 

In addition, through an effect in the central nervous system cardiac glycosides cause an increase in parasympathetic activity and therefore slow conduction through the AV node, hence their usefulness in atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation. 

Caution Methyl iodide can cause serious toxic effects in the central nervous system. Since it is an alkylating agent, it should be handled as a possible carcinogen. ... 

The membrane transfer of drugs that are substrates for a particular transporter will change when that transporter is subject to another drug that induces or inhibits its activity. For example, the action of P-glycoprotein can be inhibited by quinidine, verapamil, erythromycin, clarithromycin and the statins. Inhibition of this transporter can interfere with its ability to keep loperamide out of the brain, resulting in opioid effects in the central nervous system. Similarly,... 

N. L. Rasgon, ed.. Estrogen s Effects in the Central Nervous System Estrogen and Mood. Estrogen s Effects on Brain Function— What s Next (Baltimore, MD John Hopkins Press, 2006). 

Lead is a ubiquitous metal in the environment, and its adverse effects on human health are well documented. The nervous system is an important target of lead toxicity, which causes adverse eognitive, mood, and psychiatric effects in the central nervous system of adults eauses various peripheral nervous system effects and has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases. Lead exposure also causes anemia, nephrotoxicity, a variety of adverse reproductive and developmental effects, smaU increases in blood pressure and an increased risk of hypertension particularly in middle-aged and older people, and various effects in other organ systems, including ioint pain and gastrointestinal pain (ATSDR 2007 EPA 2012 NTP 2012). 

Endorphins A class of endogenous brain peptides that exert analgesic effects in the central nervous system by binding to opiate receptors. They are produced by cleavage of the large polypeptide proopiomelanocortin. 

Opioid-like analgesic activity was observed after intraperitoneal injection of this alkaloid in hot-plate and tail-flick models [137]. Also, intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg kg reduces 5-HT and DA levels (followed up by an increase of 5-HIAA, DOPAC, and HVA levels), showing relevant effect in the central nervous system [139]. Opioid-like denomination suggests morphine-similar effect, being blocked with naloxone-like antagonists. 

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