N-3-Polyunsaturated fatty acids

Kelly, F.J. (1991). The metabolic role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids relationship to human disease. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 23, 467-471. 

Palakurthi, S. S., Fluckiger, R., Aktas, H., Changolkar, A. K., Shahsafaei, A., Hameit, S., Kilic, E., and Halperin, J. A. (2000). Inhibition of translation initiation mediates the anticancer effect of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid. Cancer Res. 60, 2919-2925. 

Pentane and ethane (end products of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation, respectively) in expired air are useful markers of in vivo lipid peroxidation. Nevertheless, when gas chromatography is used to measure hydrocarbons, some technical difficulties may be experienced because chromatographic resolution of pentane from isoprene and isopentane is extremely difficult to achieve. Another possible problem could be the presence of these gases as contaminants in atmosphere. Furthermore, the production of hydrocarbon gases depends on the presence of metal ions to decompose lipid peroxides. If such ions are only available in limited amounts, this index may be inaccurate. 

Bazan, N. G. Supply of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their significance in the central nervous system. In R. J. Wurtman and J. J. Wurtman (eds), Nutrition and the Brain. New York Raven Press, 1990, pp. 1-24. 

Calder, P.C., N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and immune cell function,Adv Enzyme Regul, 37, 197, 1997. 

Busnach, G. et al., Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in kidney graft recipients A randomized placebo-controlled study, J Nephrol, 11, 87, 1998. 

Brouard, C. and Pascaud, M., Modulation of rat and human lymphocyte function by n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and acetylsalicylie acid, Ann Nutr Metab, 37, 146, 1993. 

Cancer cachexia and tumor growth reduction in Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats supplemented with N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for one generation. CN 151 Nutr Cancer 2003 46(1) 52-58. 

Potatoes are not regarded as an important source of lipids, because the lipid content of the tuber is very low, ranging from 0.2 to 2 g (1.2 g on average) per kg on a fresh weight basis (OECD, 2002). The flesh of boiled potato cooked in skin without salt contains about 0.1 g total lipids, 0.03 g total saturated fatty acids, 0.002 g total monounsaturated fatty acids, and 0.043 g total polyunsaturated fatty acids per 100 g (USDA, 2007). The Adequate Intake determined for the essential n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is for adults 11-17 and l.l-1.6g per day, respectively (Food and Nutrition Board, 2005). 

Health Benefits of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid... 

Astorg, P. (2004). Dietary n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and prostate cancer risk A review of epidemiological and experimental evidence. Cancer Causes Control 15,367-386. 

Cabanes, A., Wang, M., Olivo, S., Gustafsson, J., and Hilakivi-Clarke, L. (2003). Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on breast cancer progression. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 12 (1305S). 

Marchioli, R., Barzi, F., Bomba, E., Chieffo, C., Di Gregorio, D., Di Mascio, R., Franzosi, M. G., Geraci, E., and Levantesi, G. (2002). Early protection against sudden death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction Time-course analysis of the results of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Soprawivenza nell Infarto Miocardico (GlSSI)-Prevenzione. Circulation 105,1897-1903. 

Thies, F., Garry, J. M., Yaqoob, P., Rerkasem, K., Williams, J., Shearman, . P., Gallagher, P. J., Calder, P. C., and Grimble, R. F. (2003). Association of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with stability of atherosclerotic plaques A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 361, 477-485. 

Fish oils that contain high amounts of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids eiocosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20 5, n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22 6, n-3) have been suggested to decrease the risk of development of cardiovascular disease. Freshwater fish oil carp oil are not rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, but tuna oil is rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as EPA and DHA Table (1) . 

A growing body of evidence suggest that higher levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids provide protection against coronary heart disease. 

Forms of prostaglandins (PG), thromboxanes (TX), and leukotrienes synthesized from n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. [Note the positions of the first double bonds in the n-6 and the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (red circles).]... 

However, in 18 healthy men randomly allocated to N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids 10 g/day or placebo for 14 days, the addition of a single intravenous dose of acetylsalicylic acid 100 mg did not alter the small effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on platelet aggregation (17). 

Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid depletion activates caspases and decreases NMDA receptors in the brain of a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer s disease. Eur. J. Neurosci. 22 617-626. 

Olivo S. E. and Hilakivi-Clarke L. (2005). Opposing effects of prepubertal low- and high-fat n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid diets on rat mammary tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis 26 ... 

Calder P. C. (2006). n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 83 1505S 1519S. 

Kitajka K., Puskas L. G., Zvara A., Hackler L. J., Barcelo-Coblijn G., Yeo Y. K., and Farkas T. (2002). The role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in brain Modulation of rat brain gene expression by dietary n-3 fatty acids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 2619-2624. 

Zimmer L., Delion-Vancassel S., Durand G., Guilloteau D., Bodard S., Besnard J. C., and Chalon S. (2000). Modification of dopamine neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens of rats deficient in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. J. Lipid Res. 41 32 10. 

Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo studio della soprawivenza nell infarto miocardico. Lancet 2001 357 447-455. 

The simplest class of lipids are FAs. This group includes various types of fatty acids, eicosanoids, fatty alcohols, fatty aldehydes, fatty esters, fatty amides, fatty nitriles, fatty ethers, and hydrocarbons. Many FAs, especially the eicosanoids derived from n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, have... 

Boudreau, M.D., Sohn, K.H., Rhee, S.H., Lee, S.W., Hunt, J.D., and Hwang, D.H., Suppression of tumor cell growth both in nude mice and in culture by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids mediation through cyclooxygenase-independent pathways, Cancer Res., 61, 1386, 2001. 

Endres, S., Ghorbani, R., Kelley, V.E. et al., The effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the synthesis of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor by mononuclear cells, N. Engl. J. Med, 320, 265, 1989. 

Calder, PC., n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cytokine production in health and disease, Ann. Nutr. 

Pupe, A., Moison, R., De Haes, P. et al., Eicosapentaenoic acid, a n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid differentially modulates TNF- a, IL-la, IL-6 and PGE2 expression in UVB-irradiated human keratinocytes, J. Invest. Dermatol., 118, 692, 2002. 

Dommels, Y.E., Haring, M.M., Keestra, N.G., Alink, G.M., vanBladeren, P.J., and vanOmmen, B., The role of cyclooxygenase in n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid mediated effects on cell proliferation, PGE(2) synthesis and cytotoxicity in human colorectal carcinoma cell lines, Carcinogenesis, 24, 385, 2003. 

Offer, N.W., Marsden, M., Dixon, J., Speake, B.K. and Thacker, F.E. (1999) Effect of dietary fat supplements on levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, trans acids and conjugated linolenic acid in bovine milk. Animal Sci., 69, 613—625. 

Ip, C. 1997. Review of the effects of trans fatty acids, oleic acid, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and conjugated linoleic acid on mammary carcinogenesis in animals. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 66, 1523S-1529S. 

Fish oils are a potential source of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Clinical... 

---