Cachexia cancer

Bums, C. P., Halabi, S., Qamon, G. H., Hars, V., Wagner, B. A., Hohl, R. J., Lester, E., Kirshner, J. J., Vindguerra, V., and Paskett, E., 1999, Phase 1 chnical study offish oil fatty acid capsules for patients with cancer cachexia cancer and leukemia group B study 9473, Clin. CancerRes. 5 3942-3947. 

Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannfeldt C. tangshen Oliv. China Taraxeryl acetate, friedelin, n-butyl allophanate, inulin, sucrose, amino acids, stigmasterol, spinasterol, methyl palmitate, taraxerol.48 For amnesia, anorexia, asthma, cachexia, cancer, impotence, insomnia, palpitations. 

Brennan MF. Uncomphcated starvation versus cancer cachexia. Cancer Res 1977 37 2359-2364. Broberger C. Hypothalamic cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) neurons histochemical... 

Brennan MF. UncompUcated starvation versus cancer cachexia. Cancer Res 1977 37 2359-2364. 

GIO. Gelin, J., Moldawer, L. L., Lonnroth, C., Sherry, B., Chizzonile, R., and Lundholm, K. Role of endogenous tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 for experimental tumor growth and the development of cancer cachexia. Cancer Res. 51, 415-421 (1991). 

Meg estrolAceta.te. This compound is used outside the United States as an oral contraceptive. In the United States, it is used for the paUiative treatment of breast cancer and endometrial cancer, or as an adjunct to other therapies. Its use has been associated with an increased appetite and food intake and has been evaluated in the treatment of anorexia and cachexia (107). 

Hydrazine sulfate [10034-93-2] N2H4 H2SO4, originally advanced by the Syracuse Cancer Research Institute for treatment of cancerous cachexia and tumor inhibition (221), now has Investigational New Dmg (IND) status in the United States. Clinical evaluations are under way at various institutions such as Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (222) and the Mayo Clinic. After extensive trials, hydrazine sulfate has been approved as an anticancer dmg in Russia (223). Chemical stmctures for estabUshed dmgs in the United States may be found in Reference 224. 

Cachexia refers to a physical wasting due to loss of muscle and fat. Cachexia is often found in end-stage cancer patients but is also caused by autoimmune disorders or by infectious diseases such as AIDS and tuberculosis. 

Choudhary, G., Chakel, J., Hancock, W., Torres-Duarte, A., McMahon, G., and Wainer, I., Investigation of the potential of capillary electrophoresis with offline matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for clinical analysis examination of a glycoprotein factor associated with cancer cachexia, Anal. Chem. 71, 855, 1999. 

Cachexia is a severe wasting syndrome that is seen in many cancer patients. Although it is more common in advanced disease, it... 

Paraneoplastic syndromes commonly associated with lung cancers include cachexia, hypercalcemia, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, and Cushing s syndrome. 

Tisdale, M. J., and Dhesi, J. K., 1990, Inhibition of weight loss by omega-3 fatty acids in an experimental cachexia model, Cancer Pei. 50 5022-5026. 

Tumour necrosis factor is so named because it can result in necrosis of tumour cells in vivo and in vitro. However, diis is not a physiological action attempts to use TNF for cancer treatment were abandoned since it is toxic. It was originally termed cachectin, since it causes cachexia, i.e. wasting of body protein, which is a better term since it indicates its physiological role, but tumour necrosis factor is the name that persists. 

Malnutrition, and its ultimate form cachexia, are encountered every day in cancer and haematology wards. Malnutrition results from the parasitic metabolism of the tumour at the expense of the host, from the impact of the tumour on the metabolism of the host... The major consequence is an increased risk of complications and death during the course of chemotherapy, radiation therapy and major surgery. It is thus important to offer nutritional support, in order to stop or reverse the process of malnutrition. Nutritional intervention should be founded on the abundant literature devoted to cancer cachexia, including the pathophysiology of the disease. .. 

Cachexia accompanies many diseases, which include sepsis, diabetes and AIDS, as weU as cancer (Chapter 16). The metabolic changes in cachexia are an extension of those presented above, but are more severe. An overview of the metabolic changes in cancer is given in Figure 21.24. The metabolic changes that occur in patients, after trauma and during cancer can be compared by reference to Table 21.5. 

Figure 21.24 An overview of amino acid metabolism, particularly amino acid metabolism, in a patient suffering from cancer. The tumour acts as a sink for glucose, amino acids and glutamine. As tumour grows in size, the sink is exaggerated and cachexia develops. This diagram can be considered with that in Figure 21.22 in order to include fatty acids in tumour metabolism. Note the thicker line to indicate magnitude of release of glutamine by muscle.

The sequence of events from mutations or damage to proto-oncogenes and leads to tumour suppressor genes, loss of development of cancer, with its metabolic disturbances and cachexia. Finally these changes can lead to... 

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