Mulberry root bark

Deoxynojirimycin (2) has been isolated from mulberry root bark plants of the genus Moms Mori and named moranoline Moms bombycis Koidz as well... 

An animal study demonstrated that white mulberry root bark may modify glucose regulation (Singab et al. 2005). People with diabetes are advised to monitor their blood sugar closely and discuss the use of this herb with a qualified healthcare practitioner prior to use. 

No information on the safety of white mulberry root bark in pregnancy or lactation was identified in the scientific or traditional literature. Although this review did not identify any concerns for use while pregnant or nursing, safety has not been conclusively established. 

Reduction in glucose levels and increase in insulin levels were observed in diabetic rats orally administered 200 or 400 mg/kg of a hydroalcoholic extract of white mulberry root bark daily for 10 days (Singab et al. 2005). 

In assays to assess the immunomodulatory activity of a polysaccharide isolated from white mulberry root bark, the compound was found to enhance proliferation of splenic lymphocytes in a synergistic manner in the presence of mitogens. However, the compound suppressed primary IgM antibody production from B cells, which was activated with lipopolysaccharide, a polyclonal activator, or immunized with a T-cell-dependent antigen, sheep red blood cells (Kim et al. 2000). 

No information on the use of white mulberry root bark during pregnancy or lactation was identified. 

The LDgo values of water or alcohol extracts of white mulberry root bark in mice are 10 g/kg after oral administration and 5 g/kg after intravenous administration (Chen... 

More or less contemporaneously, Rama Rao et al. reported isolation of two compound from Moms alba which they called albanol A and B and assigned formulae 27 and 136 to them, on the basis of an X-ray analysis of albanol A pentamethyl ether (27 a) (115). Mulberrofuran G proved to be identical with albanol A by direct comparison. Our group has also isolated albanol B (136) from the Japanese cultivated mulberry root bark 112). 

Ohishi, T. On the Hypotensive Action of Mulberry Root Bark. Sanshi Shikenjo Iho (Technical Bull. Sericultural Experiment Station) 59, 1 (1941). 

About seventy kinds of new phenolic compounds could be isolated from Japanese cultivated mulberry tree (Morus alba, M. bombycis, and M, Ihou) and Chinese crude drug Sang-Bai-Pi (the root bark of Chinese mulberry tree). Most of them are isoprenylated flavonoids. Among them, kuwanon G (1) was the first isolation of the active substance exhibiting the hypotensive effect from the Japanese Morus alba root bark [9]. Furthermore, kuwanon G (1) and its isoprenylated derivative kuwanon H (2) [10] are considered to be formed through an enzymatic Diels-Alder type reaction of a chalcone and a dehydrokuwanon C or its... 

The root bark of the cultivated mulberry tree was extracted successively with n-hexane, benzene, and methanol. The methanol extract, 1—20 mg, showed a dose-dependent decrease in arterial blood pressure in pentobarbital-anesthetized rabbit, Fig. (4). The extract was fractionated successively by silica gel column chromatography (C.C.), polyamide C.C., silica gel preparative (p.) TLC, and p. HPLC leading to isolated of kuwanons G (1,0.2% yield) [9] and H (2,0.13% yield) [10]. 

On the other hand, in Japan, Sang-Bai-Pi (the root bark of Chinese mulberry tree) imported from China has been used as an herbal medicine, hence a study of the components of this crude drug purchased in the Japanese market was undertaken. Its phenolic components are different from those of Japanese mulberry tree. For example, morusin (3) and kuwanon G (1) are the main phenolic components of Japanese mulberry tree, in the case of Sang-Bai-Pi , these components are minor ones, while sanggenons A (4) [16], C (5) [17], and D (33) [61] are the main components [24]. Sanggenons C (5) and D (33) showed the hypotensive effects as follows Sanggenon C (5) caused transient decrease in arterial blood pressure at the doses of 1 mg/kg in pentobarbital-anesthetized rabbit by 15 mm Hg, while at the doses of 5 mg/kg the compound (5) caused a transient decrease by 100 mm Hg, which continued for more... 

Often used in concert with mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy remains an invaluable structural diagnostic tool of particular importance to tricyclic natural products chemistry. For example, the tricyclic phenolic compound moracin P (3) was one of eight previously known compounds identified together with two new isoprenoid-substituted flavanones in isolates of the root bark of mulberry trees <89H(29)807>. In a series of studies of 6-7-5 tricyclic natural products, ID and 2D H and l3C NMR spectroscopy were employed extensively in the structure determination of sesquiterpene lactones (4)—(8) found among the aerial natural products of toxic plants (85P1378,90P551, 90P3875). 

Morus alba (mulberry) (Moraceae) [root bark] Morus alba (mulberry) (Moraceae) [root bark] Animals - endogenous Bombesin family peptide... 

Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ, 1) was originally prepared by catalytic hydrogenation of nojirimycin, which was discovered as the first glucose-mimicking antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spp., with a platinum catalyst or by chemical reduction with NaBH4 [5,6]. Later it was isolated from the root bark of mulberry trees and called moranoline [7]. DNJ is also produced by many strains in the genera Bacillus and Streptomyces [8,9]. 

There have been repeated reports of intoxication by still largely unknown phytotoxins liver cell necrosis and cholestasis following the consumption of herbal medicine made from mulberry tree bark (S. Tozuka et al., 1983), liver cell necrosis (even fatal) following the intake of a root extract from the distaff thistle (G. Lemaigre et al., 1975), poisoning by a decoction from Callilepsis laureola (J. Wainwright et al., 1977) and due to mint oil (J.B. Sullivan et al., 1979). 

The fhiits, leaves, and root bark of white mulberry trees Morus alba-, Moraceae) have yielded many polyhydroxy pyrrolidines and piperidines,especially DNJ and its glycosides. One unusual alkaloid is the Ai-propionamide derivative of (2if,3if,4if)-2-hydroxymethyl-3,4-dihydroxypyrrolidine (13) or its enantiomer. ... 

Polyhydroxylated piperidines from natural sources, which have structures and shapes resembling monosaccharides have been found as a -glycosidase inhibitors. They competitively inhibit glycosidases whose substrates they most closely resemble. 1-Deoxynojirimycin (moranoline) (98 1), was isolated from Mori Cortex (root bark of the mulberry tree, Morus bombycis (Moraceae)), leaves of Jacobinia suberecta (Acanthaceae)... 

New derivatives of 5,7-dihydroxy-8-prenylflavanone have been extracted from the aerial parts of Helichrysum hydrocephalum one of the gem-dimethyl groups has been replaced by CH2OH or CHO. Flemiflavanones A (199), B, and C are new flavanones isolated from the roots of Flemingia stricta, and two new racemic 8-benzylated flavanones (200) and (201) have been identified in the root bark of Uvaria chamae. The cultivated mulberry tree. Morns alba L., is a fruitful source of benzopyrans a flavanone, kuwanon F (202), has recently... 

As for the components of Morns root bark, occurrence of triterpenoids 12), diglycelide 13 and piperidine alkaloids 14) had been reported prior to the beginning of our work, whereas the hypotensive constituents had not been identified. In view of the reports cited in the previous paragraph we assumed that the hypotensive components were a mixture of unstable phenolic compounds and therefore undertook a study of the phenolic constituents of the root bark of the cultivated mulberry tree. This article reviews the chemistry and biological activities of phenolic constituents obtained from the mulberry tree and related plants. 

As shown in Fig. 4 thirteen new flavonoids with isoprenoid substituents were obtained from the extract of the root bark of the Japanese cultivated mulberry tree. Morusin (24, 0.04% yield from dried Moms root bark) (52), kuwanons G (25, 0.2% yield) (55), H (26, 0.13% yield) (54), and mulberrofuran G (27, 0.08% yield) (55) are the main phenolic constituents, the others are minor. 

The root bark of the cultivated mulberry tree -hexane... 

In parallel with our findings in the preceding paragraph. Hiking and co-workers isolated as two hypotensive compounds from Moms root bark which they named moracenins B (25) (75) and A (26) (76), while Masamune and co-workers isolated two prohibitins of mulberry shoot which they named albanins F (25) and G (26) 74). By direct comparison kuwanon G was found to be identical with moracenin B and albanin F, and kuwanon H with moracenin A and albanin G (96). Structure determinations of these compounds were carried out by the three research groups independently. 

From the root bark of the cultivated mulberry tree and Morns cell cultures, thirty-two Diels-Alder type adducts have so far been isolated and their structures characterized. In this section, the Diels-Alder type adducts, other than those discussed previously are described. 

Studies of the phenolic constituents of Morus root bark were originally undertaken to characterize the hypotensive components of the root bark. Kuwanons G (25) (33), H (26) (34), M (160) (136), mulber-rofurans C (130) (111), F (131) (112), and G (27) (112) were shown to be hypotensive components of the root bark of the cultivated mulberry tree. Compounds 25, 26, 130, 131 and 27 were almost equally effective in causing a transient decrease in arterial blood pressure in doses of 0.1-1 mg/Kg (i.v.) in rabbits. Kuwanon M (160) (136) showed hypotensive action in hypertensive rats (2 mg/Kg, i.v,). On the other hand, sanggenons C (164) (140) and D (165) (141) were characterized as the hypotensive compounds of the crude medicine Sang-Bai-Pi . Sanggenon C (164) showed a marked hypotensive effect (1 mg/Kg, i.v.) in rabbits, and 165 showed the same effect (0.5-2.0 mg/Kg, i.v.) in rats. The mechanism of the hypotensive action of 25 and 26 has been discussed (95). 

Yamatake, Y., M. Shibata, and M. Nagai Pharmacological Studies on Root Bark of the Mulberry Tree Morus alba L.). Japan J. Pharmacol. 26, 461 (1976). 

Uno, T. Isolation of Umbelliferone and Scopoletin from the Root Bark of the Mulberry Tree. Sanshi Shikenjo Hokoku (Bull. Sericul. Exp. Sta.) 24, 437 (1970). 

Uno, T., A. Isogai, A. Suzuki, and A. Shirata Isolation and Identification of Ethyl p-Resorcylate (Ethyl 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoate) and 5,7-Dihydroxychromone from the Root Bark of the Mulberry Tree Morns alba l.) and Their Biological Activity. Nihon Sanshigaku Zasshi (J. Sericul. Sci. Japan) 50, 422 (1981). 

Shibata, H., I. Mikoshiba, and S. Shimizu Isolation of p-Tocopherol from the Root Bark of The Mulberry Tree. Agric. Biol. Chem. 38,1745 (1974). 

Nomura, T., T. Fukai, S. Yamada, and M. Katayanagi Studies on the Constituents of the Cultivated Mulberry Tree I. Three New Prenylflavones from the Root Bark of Morns alba L. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Japan) 26, 1394 (1978). 

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