Modelling software interface standard

A reaction model is a typical component of simulation systems, along with unit operations, thermodynamic servers, physical properties databanks, etc. The reaction model may provide information on how it is built, or can choose not to provide such information but Just to provide computation mainly of reaction rates so that these terms may be readily used in mass balances within unit operation models. The same applies for energy terms. By implementing a common interface standard, a reaction model component may be deployed on its own, independently of the process simulator it is used in. That develops the reusability of reaction models throughout unit operations and process simulators. A reaction model is contained by a Reactions Package software component exhibiting the specific CAPE-OPEN interfaces discussed here. 

The programs used for this system are capable of reading input data generated from a CAD 3-D model using interface software provided with the 3-D model. The first step in generating a spool sheet is to convert the input data into a standard format for processing. The 3-D model is then restored with all of the branches and connectivity established. The model is then transversed and broken into sheets to suit prelocated field welds or natural material breaks. Finally, the material require-mentsforeachsheetarematchedwiihthepipefabricators computerized warehouse or material information. 

The desk top computer network is shown in Figure 1. The liquid scintillation counters which we routinely use to generate metabolism data include two Beckman LS-200 series liquid scintillation counters and two Tracor Mark III liquid scintillation counters, however, other LSC makes and models may be interfaced. The Tracor counters are equipped with two standard communications output connectors. One is used to drive the printer, the other is available to the user. The Beckman counters use a unique teletype driver but an interface produced by William Palmer Industries can split the signal and provide a standard communication output. Therefore, all data output from the liquid scintillation counters are available in an electrical standard format, RS-232C. Hardware interfacing was therefore simplified and data collection was a matter of software development. 

One major advantage of the PMod software is the graphical interface that allows the interactive configuration of the kinetic model by the user as well as the application of some preprocessing steps, e g. setting up initial values and limits for the fit parameters. Visual evaluation of each plot is performed to check the quality of each fit. Each model curve is compared with the corresponding time-activity curve and the total X2 difference was used as the cost function, where the criterion was to minimise the summed squares (X2) of the differences between the measured and the model curve. The distribution at each individual point is taken to be Gaussian, with a standard deviation to be specified. The model parameters are usually accepted when kl-k4 is less than one and the vb value exceeds zero. The unit for the rate constants kl-k4 is 1/min, while vb reflects the fraction of blood within the evaluated volume. 

The model developer who wants to couple the models (1) has to include coupler-specific interfaces in the models, and (2) has to provide the model and coupling meta-data according to standards of the coupling software. Both tasks can be time consuming, and the gain of interoperability has to be balanced against the costs of the implementation. 

The reader is referred to the NCCLS standard AUT03-A, which is described in the following and in particular to the Functional Control Model (Section 4.2), which describes the relationships between the LIS, LAS, and various devices. In this model, and throughout the series of NCCLS automation standards, the term LAS represents the computer system that controls the automation system, not the actual automation hardware. Most often, it is the LAS that has the requisite process control software to support automation. The functional control model, which is depicted in Figure 11-19, supports analytical instruments that may be physically attached to the automation system and analyzers that may not be attached but are still interfaced to the LIS. The model does not give dominance to either the LIS or the LAS, but rather allows for essential information flows in either direction to make the most efficient use of the strengths of each system. 

SAS The SAS Institute support organization has recently published resources for both validation (21) and actual IQ/OQ guidance (22). This should certainly be reviewed as a plausible starting point for the OQ. The same advice regarding analyses from standards organizations (15) applies. Please note that both S-Plus and SAS provide a wide range of capabilities for model creation, data analysis, presentation, and interfacing to databases and other software. It is incumbent on the user community to identify, at least initially, the capabilities that will be utilized in the user requirements documentation. Such software-specific capability should then be appropriately tested in the OQ. 

The samples were injected into a Varian gas chromatograph (CP-3380 model), equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) and a CP WAX 52 CB capillary column 30 mxO.25 mm X 0.25 xm, and a split injection system with a 1 20 ratio. Injector and detector temperatures were kept at 250°C. The oven was initially maintained at 200°C for 4.5 min, then heated up to 210°C, and kept constant at this temperature for 0.5 min. After that, it was heated to 220°C for 0.5 min. The oven was heated again to 250°C and maintained at this temperature for 1.5 min. Hydrogen was used as the carrier gas at a 1.8 ml/min flow rate column pressure was set at 12 psi. A computer loaded with the Star Workstation 6.2 software was connected to the GC by a Star 800 Module Interface to automatically integrate the peaks obtained. Methyl heptadecanoate was the internal standard used. 

CAD interfaces interconnect internal CAD system components and provide a link to other software and hardware components. They connect internal CAD system components such as geometrical modeling, object representation, and realization of calculation operations to a CAD database tuid standardized CAD files. 

By placing information in a database that has an interface defined according to the ISO 10303 part 22 (Standard Data Access Interface) for putting in and getting out data. The EXPRESS language specification view of the IFC Object Model determines the structure of the information sent to or received from the database. Presentiy, a number of software applications work using shared databases (also known as project model servers) ... 

Reaction models are necessary in the chemical process industries for a number of purposes which are most often related to the modeling, simulation and control of production processes process synthesis, process simulation, plant optimization and production control are typically some of the domains concerned with the use of reaction models within unit operation models. To provide interoperability of reaction models within a number of software applications, a specific part of the CAPE-OPEN standard has been devoted to these simulation components called Reactions Packages. CAPE-OPEN Reactions Packages are described in terms of the interfaces that they must support, their interaction with a process modelling environment and the functionality they are expected to support. The interfaces defined support both kinetic and electrolyte reactions. 

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