Interface specifications

Produce procedures and standards governing technical interface specifications, their preparation, promulgation, and maintenance. 

More recently, the curvature at air/solution interfaces has been accounted for by Nikitas and Pappa-Louisi98 in terms of a specific molecular model that predicts a linear dependence of (lM/ ) on (1/0). The same model also reproduces the behavior at metal/solution interfaces, specifically Hg electrodes, for which most of the experimental data exist. Nikitas treatment provides a method for an unambiguous extrapolation of the adsorption potential shift to 0= 1. However, the interpretation of the results is subject to the difficulties outlined above. Nikitas approach does provide... 

There are many products based on these life sciences standards, such as the aforementioned gene expression standard that is used in Rosetta Merck s Resolver product and the European Bioinformatics Institute s (EBI) Array-Express database. The LECIS (Laboratory Equipment Control Interface Specification) standard is used by Creon as part of their Q-DIS data standard support (note that one of the authors was the finalization task force chairperson for this standard). 

Interface-specific vibrational spectroscopy of molecules with visible lights./. Phys. Chem. B, 108,10636-10639. 

Yamaguchi, S. and Tahara, T. (2005) Interface-specific coherent raman spectroscopy in the frequency domain. 

Kinetics of chemical reactions at liquid interfaces has often proven difficult to study because they include processes that occur on a variety of time scales [1]. The reactions depend on diffusion of reactants to the interface prior to reaction and diffusion of products away from the interface after the reaction. As a result, relatively little information about the interface dependent kinetic step can be gleaned because this step is usually faster than diffusion. This often leads to diffusion controlled interfacial rates. While often not the rate-determining step in interfacial chemical reactions, the dynamics at the interface still play an important and interesting role in interfacial chemical processes. Chemists interested in interfacial kinetics have devised a variety of complex reaction vessels to eliminate diffusion effects systematically and access the interfacial kinetics. However, deconvolution of two slow bulk diffusion processes to access the desired the fast interfacial kinetics, especially ultrafast processes, is generally not an effective way to measure the fast interfacial dynamics. Thus, methodology to probe the interface specifically has been developed. 

In this second example, we examine simple systems near the water-hexane interface. Specifically, we calculate the difference in the free energy of hydrating a hard-sphere solute of radius a, considered as the reference state, and a model solute consisting of a point dipole p located at the center of a cavity [11]. We derive the formula for A A assuming that the solute is located at a fixed distance z from the interface, and subsequently we examine the dependence of the free energy on z. The geometry of the system is shown in Fig. 2.3. 

To enable development by distributed teams, work units must be separated and partitioned with clear dependencies, architectural conventions and rules must be explicit, and interfaces must be specified unambiguously. Components will get assembled by persons different from the developers, potentially long after they are built the relationships between the implementations, interface specifications, and eventual user requirements must be testable in a systematic way. 

Component software demands a complete separation of interface specifications from implementations. The interface specs, rather than the source code, define what a component will provide and expect when used. In fact, if you are ever forced to use an existing component that does not have an explicitly documented interface, it is usually worth writing a specification of it as perceived and used this document greatly simplifies testing and reduces the time to evaluate the suitability of new and alternative versions of the component. 

Caveats. Expect limited success initially. For example, payback should not be expected until after a year or two pilots will show some success in the short term. It also takes time for management and technical staff to consistently support the idea long-term, and the skills required—for generic component design and interface specification—are more demanding. 

What should you reuse The executable Source code Interface specifications Problem domain models ... 

If you can componentize your problem domain descriptions themselves and reuse domain models, you greatly enhance your position to reuse interface specifications and implementations downstream. 

Each Hotel object is coupled to a room allocator object, to which it delegates decisions about allocating rooms. Separately, it is coupled to a staff payer, and the same is true for whatever other variant policies there may be. Different policies are implemented by different classes, which may be completely different in their internal structure. The only requirement is that all room allocator classes must implement the doAllocation( ) message—that is, they must conform to a single interface specification. 

Reuse of software is not simply a matter of cut-and-paste it should involve the reuse of interface specifications before implementation code is reused. Successful reuse poses many organizational challenges (culture, development processes, and so on) as well as technical ones (designing components that are adaptable to many different contexts and devising techniques for plugging in the adaptations). 

We are developing a component that has to conform to some existing interface specification — either from Pattern 14.33, Recursive decomposition — divide and conquer (p.621), or from an externally-defined standard. 

Reuse Lemmas (1) If you reuse a specification, try a component-based approach implement against the interface and defer binding to the implementation. (2) Reuse of specifications leads to reuse of implementations. In particular, whenever you can implement standardized interfaces, whether domain-specific or for infrastructure services, you enable the reuse of all other implementations that follow those standards. (3) Successful reuse needs thorough interface specifications. (4) If you can componentize your problem domain descriptions themselves and reuse domain models, you greatly enhance your position to reuse interface specifications and implementations downstream. 

In general, one can expect systems like these to have properties different from those in bulk materials, where most ions are in a crystalline enviromnent that is, they do not see the surface. Here, most atoms know they are near an interface specifically, in a noncrystaUine, nonperiodic enviromnent. As shown in Table 17.1 and Figure 17.4, the Knoop hardness of these films is increased from 2.9 to 5.6 times the value for the harder of the two comp)onents, the electrodeposited nickel. 

Bredenbeck J, Ghosh A, Nienhuys HK, Bonn M (2009) Interface-specific ultrafast two-dimensional vibrational spectroscopy. Acc Oiem Res 42 1332... 

The tendency for an adsorbed protein to undergo conformational change is protein-and interface-specific, as well as time-dependent. Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) studies on IgG adsorption and desorption on hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces as a function of residence time show clearly both the time-dependence, as well as the surface-dependence, of desorption 92 ... 

Thirdly, the use of differential pumping, as a general technique, is examined. It is widely applied in systems where regions having large pressure differentials are interfaced. Specific systems are discussed to indicate the usefulness of the technique. 

Chapter 6 examines what, in the authors opinion, are three important applications of vacuum technology in the chemical sciences. First, its use in chemical technology is clearly defined and, in many applications, the requirement for systems operating below 10 6 Pa is obvious. In both cases, typical systems are considered and quantified. The third topic concentrates on a technique (differential pumping) which is widely used in systems where high- and low-pressure areas must be interfaced. Specific systems are discussed to illustrate the usefulness of the technique. 

Figure 2. An example of a virtual slide shown in a web interface. Specifically, this image is from the EyeShare software.

Sun Microsystems, Java Native Interface Specification, available at http //java.sun.eom/j2se/l.3/docs/guide/jni/spec/jniTOC.doc.html, 1997. 

Other important sections in the URS inclnde access secnrity, the hnman interface, and the process interface. Specifically ... 

System architecture diagrams Layout and wiring diagrams and drawings Main component specifications System interface specifications Performance (CPU, bus, cache, clock, etc.)... 

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