MISCELLANEOUS SUPPLIES

Included here are necessary supplies such as microscope slides and inoculating loops. A package of 12 general-purpose inoculating loops costs 55. Calibrated inoculating loops cost from 40 to 50 for l- iL and 100 for lO-pL delivery volumes. The latter are used for cell-counting work. Microscope slides cost from 16 to 24 per gross. 

Agar (granulated) Malt agar Malt extract agar Peptone 

Potato dextrose agar Tween-80 Tryptone WL-nutrient agar WL-differential agar Wort agar Yeast carbon base Yeast extract YM agar YM broth 

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Hand tools, hose, and ladders on hand Containers, bags, drums, and railroad cars available Miscellaneous supplies (work-order pads, requisition forms, etc.) on hand... 

Special costs. Special costs include land, spare parts, inspection, project management, chemicals, miscellaneous supplies, and office and laboratory furniture. For preliminary estimates, these costs can be estimated as 4% of the cost of the process units, storage, steam systems, cooling water systems, and offsites. Engineering costs and contractor fees are included in the various individual cost items. 

In any manufacturing operation, many miscellaneous supplies are needed to keep the process functioning efficiently. Items such as charts, lubricants, test chemicals, custodial supplies, and similar supplies cannot be considered as raw materials or maintenance and repair materials, and are classified as operating supplies. The annual cost for this type of supplies is about 15 percent of the total cost for maintenance and repairs. 

Costs of miscellaneous supplies that support daily operaliiat not considered h> be raw materials. Examples include chart paper, lubricants, miscellaneous chL mjc.its, niters, respirators and protective clothing for operators, etc. 

Miscellaneous Direct Costs Estimates for the cost of maintenance and repairs, operating supplies, royalties, and patents are best based on company records for similar processes. A rough average value for the annual cost of maintenance is 6 percent of the capital cost of the plant. This percentage can vaiy from 2 to 10 percent, depending on the severity of plant operation. Approximately half of the maintenance costs are for materials and half for labor. Royalty and patents costs are in the order of 1 to 5 percent of the sales price of the product. 

Are adequate supplies of utilities and miscellaneous chemicals available for all activities, e.g. absorbents for spillage control Is inert gas immediately available in all locations where it may be required urgently ... 

The four largest classes of synthetic polymers (PE, PP, PVC and PET) make up about 80 % of the world market. About 60% of the production of polymers supplies structural materials to the market (packaging 41 %, building components 20 %, electric insulation 9 %, automobile parts 7 %, agriculture 2 %, miscellaneous... 

The original provisions date back to the early 1970s. Under section 7(2) of the Medicines Act 1968, it was necessary to hold a product licence in order to sell, supply, export or import a medicinal product to procure those activities or for the manufacture or assembly of the product. However, various exemptions from the licensing requirements, including those relating to particular patient supply, were provided for in the act and in related statutory instruments. The most important exemptions were contained in sections 9 and 13 of the act, the Medicines (Exemption from Licences) (Special and Transitional Cases) Order 1971, the Medicines (Exemption from Licences) (Special Cases and Miscellaneous Provisions) Order 1972 and the Medicines (Exemptions from Licences) (Importation) Order 1984. ... 

Table 8.9 shows the non-fuel uses of toluene. Some of the toluene goes into gasoline depending on its supply and price compared to other octane enhancers. Of the other uses of toluene about half is converted into benzene by hydrodealkylation, though this amount varies with the price difference between benzene and toluene. 2,4-Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is a monomer for polyurethanes. Included in miscellaneous uses is 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) as an explosive. 

Miscellaneous Direct Expenses These items include operating supplies, clothing and laundry, laboratory expenses, royalties, environmental control expenses, etc. 

Uses. Cellulose is the most important industrial org raw material in the world, and unlike mineral wealth, tile supply is replenishable continously. It is the basis of the textile paper-making industries. When nitrated,cellulose yields NC used in propints expls, collodion, "celluloid , pyroxylin lacqures, and a variety of miscellaneous products... 

Utilities for supplying steam, water, power, compressed air, and fuel are part of the service facilities of an industrial plant. Waste disposal, fire protection, and miscellaneous service items, such as shop, first aid, and cafeteria equipment and facilities, require capital investments which are included under the general heading of service-facilities cost. 

New methods and products are constantly being developed in the chemical industries. These accomplishments are brought about by emphasis on research and development. Research and development costs include salaries and wages for all personnel directly connected with this type of work, fixed and operating expenses for all machinery and equipment involved, costs for materials and supplies, direct overhead expenses, and miscellaneous costs. In the chemical industry, these costs amount to about 2 to 5 percent of every sales dollar. 

Miscellaneous costs (salaries, labor, office expenses, lab supplies, maintenance, repairs, communication, sales, silver catalyst replacement, etc.) amount to 360,000 per year. 

Metis161 reported a preliminary cost study on a 500-L scaled-up modular photobioreactor, and outlined the following cost distribution for the unit based on operating it for a period of 6 months photobioreactor materials, 45% mineral nutrients, 39% labor 4% water supply, 4% land lease, 2% power, 1% and miscellaneous expenses, 5%. He reported the actual cost of the materials for the pilot photobioreactor unit as 0.75 m 2, but the material used and the lifetime of the unit was not stated. This cost is much lower that the often quoted estimates of up to 100 per meter square using glass covered structures. Glass does not appear to be a realistic material to use in a commercial photobioreactor system because of both initial and replacement costs. 

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