Mineral dietary sources

Mineral Dietary Sources Functions D ciency Conditions... 

While the dog is a carnivore, it is able to adapt to an omnivorous diet. Requirements for dietary sources of energy, amino acids, glucose precursors, fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, and water have been established based on recommendations by the National Research Council (NRC, 1985). Adult beagles maintained in a laboratory environment function well with one feeding of standard laboratory chow per day. In safety assessment testing, however, some compounds may induce serious dietary deficiencies through induced loss of appetite, malabsorption, or vomiting, and, in these cases, it may be advisable to provide a dietary supplement. 

Laboratory studies of vitamin and mineral inadequacy associate such deficiencies with DNA damage, which indicates that the vitamin and mineral content of fruits and vegetables may explain the observed association between fruit and vegetable intake and cancer risk. Antioxidants such as vitamin C (whose dietary source is fruits and vegetables), vitamin E, and selenium... 

Vitamins and minerals, whose main dietary sources are other than fruits and vegetables, are also likely to play a significant role in the prevention and repair of DNA damage, and thus are important to the maintenance of long-term health. Vitamin B12 is found in animal products, and deficiencies of B12 cause a functional folate deficiency, accumulation of the amino acid homocysteine (a risk factor for heart disease),46 and chromosome breaks. B12 supplementation above the RDA was necessary to minimize chromosome breakage.47 Strict vegetarians are at increased risk for developing vitamin B12 deficiency. 

Milk is one of the best dietary sources of calcium, not only because of the significant quantity of the mineral present but also because of (1) its calcium-to-phosphorus ratio (1.3 1), which is conducive to optimal skeletal growth, and (2) the presence of nutrients such as lactose and vitamin D in vitamin D-fortified milk, which promote calcium absorption (Ziegler and Fomon 1983 Schaafsma 1983 Renner 1983). 

Seaweed [FOOD ADDITIVES] (Vol 11) agarose from [ELECTROSEPARATIONS - ELECTROPHORESIS] (Vol 9) gums from [GUMS] (Vol 12) mineral nutrients source [MINERAL NUTRIENTS] (Vol 16) plant growth regulators fiom [GROWTH REGULATIONS - PLANT] (Vol 12) source ofdietary fiber [DIETARY FIBER] (Vol 8)... 

Vitamin D. Vitamin D is a steroidlike hormone that can be obtained from dietary sources or synthesized in the skin from cholesterol derivatives in the presence of ultraviolet light. Vitamin D produces several metabolites that are important in bone mineral homeostasis.27,31 In general, vitamin D derivatives such as 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 increase serum calcium and phosphate levels by increasing intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption and by decreasing renal calcium and phosphate excretion.27,46... 

The primary roles and the recommended daily intake of major and trace minerals are listed in Table 38-3. Similar to vitamins, these minerals are typically obtained from dietary sources. Specific minerals may likewise be included in various multivitamins and other dietary supplements, with the intent that these minerals will promote good health and prevent disease. Again, there is generally no need for mineral supplements for most people eating a reasonably balanced diet. On the other hand, mineral supplements can be helpful in specific situations where the body s need for a mineral may exceed dietary supply. Some examples of appropriate supplementation include calcium supplements for people with osteoporosis (see Chapter 31), potassium supplements for people on diuretics (see Chapter 21), and iron supplements for people with certain anemias. Hence, mineral supplements may be helpful in certain individuals, but the dose and type of supplement should be adjusted carefully. 

Mg in Measurements of Mineral Bioavailability from Dietary Sources. One of the most convenient methods for measuring dietary mineral bloavailabillty is to follow the absorption of a tracer... 

The chemical composition of the egg (Table 2.1) is rather stable. As the only source of food for the embryo, it contains all substances essential for life. There is about 6.6 g of very well-balanced proteins in one egg. About two thirds of yolk mass are lipids, mainly unsaturated. Cholesterol makes up about 2.5% of the dry mass of the yolk. The egg is also a source of vitamins A, B, D, E, and K and the best dietary source of choline. The minerals S, K, Na, P, Ca, Mg, and Fe are in free form or bound to proteins and lipids. 

Cheese is an important dietary source of several minerals, in particular calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium (Table XV). A 100-g serving of hard cheese provides ca. 800 mg Ca, which represents the Recommended Daily Allowance for most adults (Food and Nutrition Board, 1980). However, acid-coagulated cheeses, e.g.. Cottage, contain considerably lower levels of calcium than rennet-coagulated varieties (Renner, 1987). 

Micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) are also listed on food packaging. The vitamins we require are compounds that are necessary for metahohc processes either our bodies cannot synthesize them, or they cannot synthesize them in amounts sufficient for our needs. As a result, we must obtain vitamins from dietary sources. DVs are listed for the fat-soluble vitamins—vitamins A, D, and E (Section 8.7)—but care must be taken to avoid overdoses of these vitamins. Excesses can be toxic when lai e amounts of fat-soluble vitamins accumulate in adipose tissue. Excess vitamin A is especially toxic. With water-soluble vitamins, turnover is frequent enough that the danger of excess is not normally a problem. 

Description. Every cell in the body requires iron for a variety of functions. This versatile mineral is involved in oxygen transport (hemoglobin) and storage (myoglobin), is required by enzymes that produce energy for the cell, and it plays an important role in the function of the immune and central nervous systems. Iron is required in relatively high doses to maintain proper nutrition. Of aU the nutrients, the allowance for iron is the most difficult to obtain from dietary sources, aud therefore is the most common single micronutrient deficiency in the world. ... 

Vegetables are important sources of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), jS-carotene, certain B vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber and protein, with different vegetable types being particularly rich in particular nutrients. 

Manganese and molybdenum are essential for enzymes in humans and other animals, but a dietary deficiency of these minerals is exceedingly rare in humans. Oobalt is essential for vitamin B12, but the human body cannot make vitamin B12 from cobalt and thus requires the preformed vitamin from dietary sources. (It is possible to derive some vitamin B12 from bacterial synthesis in the digestive tract.)... 

Mineral constituents are essential for normal development of humans. As essential elements are not synthesized in body they must be obtained from dietary sources. They play important roles in the metabolic functions. Calcium and phosphorus are essential for bone structure, potassium and sodium are involved in the functions of all organs, iron, copper and manganese are important for enzymatic functions. Cornelian cherry fruits, being rich in essential elements, might be considered as important nutritional supplements. 

Plants represent an important and ubiquitous source of dietary ROS-quenehing compounds. Citrus genus is a major source of phytochemieals including vitamins, minerals, dietary fibres, pectins and important classes and subclasses of phytophenolies that ean be beneficial to health. It is one of the most important fruit tree erop in the world with an annual fruit production of over 102 million tons (Bahorun et al., 2012). It has been studied for its biochemical composition and potent biological properties. 

It is generally desirable that the dietary sources of non-starch polysaccharides should be ordinary foods, rather than supplements . However, as an aid to weight reduction, a number of preparations of dietary fibre are available. Some of these are more or less ordinary foods, but containing added fibre, which gives texture to the food, and increases the feeling of fullness and satiety. Some of the special slimmers soups, biscuits, etc. are of this type. They are formulated to provide about one-third of a day s requirement of protein, vitamins and minerals, but with a low energy yield. They are supposed to be taken in place of one meal each day, and to aid satiety they contain carboxymethylcellulose or another non-digested polysaccharide. 

PORK AS A FOOD. Pork is an important food and a rich source of many essential nutrients. An average 3.5 oz (99.4 g) serving of cooked pork ham provides 37 g of protein (that s 2/ 3 of the recommended daily allowance of protein) and 8.8 g of fat, along with being an excellent source of minerals and vitamins. Its high-quality protein contains all the essential amino acids needed to build, maintain, and repair body tissues. Pork is rich in iron, and the iron is readily used in the formation and maintenance of red blood cells. Also, pork is a major dietary source of the B vitamins, especially thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin. Also pork is about 98% digestible. 

Form and source of the mineral— Although seafood has a high selenium content, its value as a dietary source is reduced b use of the poor availability of its selenium. For example, the selenium in tuna is only 33 to 50% available, possibly because it tends to bind to heavy metals such as mercury. 

The metabolic machinery of all animals must be provided with water, amino acids, energy, minerals and viteunins. In ruminemts, utlliz d le nutrients are provided by a combination of dietary sources plus those synthesized by rumen bacteria emd protozoa and until recently little attention has been directed towards dietary supplies of amino acids and B-conplex vitamins. However, information accrued during the last decade demonstrates that ruminal outflows of these nutrients is not always sufficient for high rates of productivity (2. 1.) ... 

Vitamin D Vitamin D enhances the efficiency of the small intestine to absorb calcium and phosphorus from the diet and thus helps to maintain normal serum levels of these minerals. Vitamin D deficiency in infants and children results in inadequate mineralization of the skeleton, causing rickets, which is characterized by various bone deformations. The major source of vitamin D is its formation in the skin as a result of exposure to sunlight. Dietary sources include fortified foods, such as milk and cereals, and certain fish. Infant formula is fortified with vitamin D in many countries. Because human milk contains only low amounts of vitamin D, breast-fed infants who do not receive either supplemental vitamin D or adequate exposure to sunlight are at risk for developing vitamin D deficiency. Subclinical vitamin D deficiency can be assessed by measuring serum 25-hydroxyl-vitamin D deficiency occurs months... 

SRB contains high-quality protein, oil, dietary fiber, polysaccharides, fat-soluble phytochemicals (plant derived bioactive compounds) and other bran nutrients. Rice bran and germ are the richest natural sources of B complex vitamins as well as E vitamins, polyphenols, several antioxidants and minerals. It is now available in the commercial food ingredient market as a safe and effective functional food and dietary supplement. 

Nutrient analysis of stabilized rice bran and its derivatives indicates that it is a good source of protein, dietary fiber and carbohydrates, in addition to several valuable phytonutrients, antioxidants, vitamins and minerals (Table 17.1). SRB and its water-soluble and water-insoluble derivatives contain all the nutrients at different levels. They are gluten and lactose free and do not give rise to any food allergy. 

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