Citrus genus

In the Citrus genus, a-terpineol occurs in the prevalence of (-)-enantiomer in the species Citrus aurantifolia. Citrus latifolia and Citrus limon, while it has been found as (+)-enantiomer of a high enantiomeric purity in Citrus clementine. In neroli and petitgrain oils (Citrus aurantium) (+)-a-terpineol has been detected as the dominant enantiomer. 

Plants represent an important and ubiquitous source of dietary ROS-quenehing compounds. Citrus genus is a major source of phytochemieals including vitamins, minerals, dietary fibres, pectins and important classes and subclasses of phytophenolies that ean be beneficial to health. It is one of the most important fruit tree erop in the world with an annual fruit production of over 102 million tons (Bahorun et al., 2012). It has been studied for its biochemical composition and potent biological properties. 

ServUlo L., Giovane A., Balestrieri M.L., Bata-Csere A., Cautela D., Castaldo D. Betaines in fruits of Citrus genus plants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59 9410-9416 (2011). 

Returning to the chemotaxonomic aspect of the stndy, however, it is interesting to note that recent work by Bakker et al. (1998) on rfccL and atpB sequences of Bieber-steinia place the genus close to Rutaceae. This position is fully supported by the flavonoids reported by Greenham et al. (2001), which are very similar to 0-methylated flavones known from well-studied members of Rutaceae, such as Citrus. 

Grape anthracnose and citrus scab caused by the genus Elsinoe are eradicated even after disease development by foliar application... 

Citrus species are well-known for their accumulation of flavone- and flavanone-glycosides, and thus should contain all of the enzyme activities necessary for the synthesis of these compounds. Two tentative consensus sequences for FNS-II have been identified by in silico analysis of the CitEST database, apparently representing the first identification of putative FNS-II genes in this genus [29]. Biochemical determination of function and analysis of the proteins encoded by these genes will be an important step toward elucidating flavone synthesis in Citrus. 

Scora RW, Kumamoto J (1983) Chemotaxonomy of the genus Citrus. In Waterman PG Gmndon MF (eds) Chemistry and chemical taxonomy of the rutales. Academic Press, London, pp 343-351... 

Dugo G, Cotroneo A, Verzera A, Bonaccorsi I (2002) In Dugo G, Di Gaicomo A (eds) Citrus The Genus Citrus, vol 26. Taylor Francis, London, p 201... 

Some of the plants listed as anxiolytic by the three cultures are also listed as hypnotic, amongst these, Lippia alba (Mill) N.E.Br., the species of the Citrus and of the Erythrina genus. This is owing to the fact that, often, the hypnotic and anxiolytic effects are similar, in that one and the same substance may present both effects, depending on the dose utilized. On the other hand, some plants listed in Table 1 did not have an anxiolytic effect confirmed by the survey in literature, and others have apparently not been studied up to the present time. 

In the course of the last century and a half probably at least 6000, and possibly more than 10,000 essential oils have been analyzed or reported in one way or another. Of the single plant family Pinaceae for example, more than 200 oils have been examined of the single genus Eucalyptus an equal number of the single species Citrus at least 21—14 of these from the single subspecies amara. 

G. Dugo, a. Di Giagomo, The genus Citrus, Taylor and Erancis Publishing, London, 2002. 

Important studies have been reported on the cuticular waxes of the Rosaceae , the Cruciferae S Citrus species and Nicotiana species and many other citations are available" ". The proportions and patterns of alkanes in the waxes from plants within the same genus or family tend to be similar, but there are no known correlations between the results for different genera and families except those reported in Table 4. 

Flavanones, by virtue of their role as biosynthetic intermediates, occur in most plants, but they are also accumulated widely (Grayer, 1989). Most of the approximately 320 known flavanones possess the ( — )-(25)-configuration. Flavanones are common in the Asteraceae and Fabaceae, and the genus Citrus of the Rutaceae, but they have been reported in at least 60 other families (Bohm, 1988). However, compounds of this type are overlooked frequently in surveys of flavonoid composition of plants, and representatives of this group of compounds may occur more widely in nature. 

Fruits of the genus Citrus constitute one of the world s most important horticultural crops. Production is at least 45 million tons, of which about 45% is converted into a variety of processed products (Maier, 1983). After expression of citrus juices, especially orange juice, precursors that occur in the juice are converted to bitter limonoids, primarily li-... 

Kumquats are tropical fruits belonging to the genus Fortunella, a elose relative of genus Citrus. 

Chapter 10- Natural plant products continue to be of increasing interest due to the wide range of health benefits they confer to humans. Citrus fruits have been extensively studied for their health-promoting potential and have been widely applied in the medical and food industry. Kumquat, a tropical fruit originally included in the genus Citrus has been classified... 

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