Weapons military

According to historian Vaclav Smil, the destructive energy of military weapons has increased by sixteen orders ol magnitude over the past five thousand years. The exploitation of inanimate energy sources... 

Military weapons tests conducted at the Pacific Proving Grounds in the 1940s and 1950s resulted in greatly elevated local concentrations of radionuclides, and an accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the former Soviet Union in 1986 resulted in comparatively low concentrations of radionuclides dispersed over a wide geographical area. Both cases are briefly reviewed. 

Interest in polynitroarylenes has resumed over the past few decades as the demand for thermally stable explosives with a low sensitivity to impact has increased. This is mainly due to advances in military weapons technology but also for thermally demanding commercial applications i.e. oil well exploration, space programmes etc. Explosives like 1,3-diamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (DATB) (13), l,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) (14), 3,3 -diamino-2,2, 4,4, 6,6 -hexanitrobiphenyl (DIPAM) (15), 2,2, 4,4, 6,6 -hexanitrostilbene(HNS, VOD 7120 m/s, = 1.70 g/cm ) (16) and A,A -bis(l,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-4,4 -diamino-2,2, 3,3, 5,5, 6,6 -octanitroazobenzene (BTDAONAB) (17) fall into this class. TATB is the benchmark for thermal and impact insensitive explosives and finds wide use for military, space and nuclear applications. 

Exploration of new avenues to reduce emissions to comply with environmental regulations has always been a priority in the past decade. As regulations get more and more stringent, innovative concepts are researched and applied to real engines. Soot control has been an issue with hydrocarbon fuel combustion, both from emission and signature points of view. Certain signatures are of concern for military weapon and platform propulsion. Recently, nonthermal plasma techniques for remediation of emissions have been found to be a vi-... 

X-rays, or gamma rays generated by nuclear decay. Ionizing radiation also includes several types of subatomic particles, such as beta radiation (high-energy electrons) and alpha radiation (helium ions) and others. Medical X-rays are an example of a common beneficial exposure to ionizing radiation. Nuclear radiation is used to generate electricity and cure disease, but is also an important element in military weapons. Uses of nuclear radiation pose serious issues of human exposure and environmental contamination. 

Militia and military weapons Andrews v. State Presserv. Illinois City of Salina v. Blaksley United States v. Miller Cases v. U.S U.S. v. Warin... 

Thus according to the State, even if a pistol were considered a military weapon, the allowable conditions for carrying it could be specified by regulation. 

The court left it to a factual examination to determine whether a revolver might be considered a military weapon whose carrying was protected by the constitution (although the manner of carrying could still be regulated in any case). 

This decision continues in the tradition of the keeping of arms being an individual right, but one exercised in the context of promoting a collective defense (the well-trained militia). The state s police power can prohibit weapons that are not suitable or customary for this purpose. The keeping of military weapons cannot be banned, but the manner of bearing them can be regulated. 

Gun rights advocates suggest that the same reference to the militia might imply that an individual would have the right to carry a weapon that if of a military nature (such as a fully automatic AK-47 or M-16 rifle). They also note that the defendant was not represented and that, therefore, the judges heard only one side of the case. (They also note in passing that short-barreled shotguns and carbines were in fact military weapons used by some cavalry units.)... 

This case illustrates a possible path that the Supreme Court might take if it ever revisits its view of the Second Amendment in Miller v. U.S. The decision here implies that the Supreme Court s rejecting constitutional protection for a nonmilitary weapon doesn t necessarily mean that possession by an individual of a military weapon outside an organized military context would be protected. Gun rights advocates view such an approach as contradictory and as a failure to honor the intent of the Constitution s framers. 

The defendant argued that because the weapon was a military weapon and he was a member of the sedentary (or reserve) state militia, he was entitled under the Second Amendment to have it, as implied by the Supreme Court rejecting the shotgun in U.S. v. Miller as not being a military weapon. 

By dealing with what was clearly a military weapon, the circuit court in Warin seemed to be making an even stronger statement that courts are unwilling to draw the conclusion that the Second Amendment gives individuals an unqualified right to carry at least military weapons. 

A newly developed military weapon, the Thompson submachine gun, or tommy gun, finds an unforeseen application as the gangster s gun of choice. Its devastating firepower spurs demands for a federal gun control law. 

The aim of Major Hobart s paper (Ref 2) was to examine the parameters affecting spun and fin-stabilized flight with a view to deciding which provides the better system for a low-impulse, lightweight, hand-held military weapon of small caliber. Typical examples... 

There would seem to be a considerable future for the fiechette used in a low-impulse, lightweight military weapon, provided its launching conditions at the muzzle can ensure no initial yaw... 

Economic Factors. Economic factors are related to the availability and cost of the propellant as well as the cost of the equipment required to transport, store, and supply the propellant. Generally, low cost is a prime requisite for a propellant which will be utilized in large quantities and/or in multiunits (i.e., booster stages of launch vehicles and in military weapons). However, where utilization of a high-cost propellant may be required to complete the mission, the cost factor can be of secondary importance. This situation is usually associated with upper stages of a space launch vehicle. 

However, it is difficult to distinguish between military and peaceful applications of military weapons. Here are a few examples which illustrate that it is extremely difficult to classify them under military or civil applications. 

In England the Plastomenite mixt, consisting of NC, DNT Ba(N03)2, was considered a smokeless powd. Three types were manufd JCP, BP KMP for sporting powds, carbines military weapons, respectively... 

The bolt-action principle was rapidly adopted by many nations at the end of the 19th century. Outstanding military weapons of this type are the Mauser and Springfield rifles, brought to a high state of perfection in the early years of the 20th century and since used thruout the world... 

Explosions can be used for constructive purposes, such as mining and road building for entertainment, such as fireworks or for destructive purposes, such as military weapons and terrorist bombs. They may be either deliberate or accidental. Explosive materials must always be handled with extreme care to prevent accidents. Such caution must be exercised with not only industrial explosives, but also commonly encountered materials such as fireworks, laboratory and industrial chemicals, and flammable gases, see also Fire, Fuels, Power Plants Fireworks Kinetics Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion Thermodynamics. 

Evaluation, was carried out for President Jimmy Carter of the United States. The United States had called for this study, in which 50 countries participated and which required several years to complete. The study concluded that only administrative controls such as those already in place would be effective, and these could only delay really determined nations from diverting nuclear fuel from power reactors to military weapons. By 2003, North Korea became the first example of the subversion of test/commercial nuclear materials for use in weapons. 

The nuclear fuels were created in the cosmic event that created the universe and were deposited in the earth as it took form. There are two families of nuclear fuels, those for fission (uranium and thorium) and those for fusion (protium [[//], deuterium, helium-3, and lithium). Only uranium fission has been developed as a commercial source of nuclear energy. Although fusion has been developed as a military weapon, the hydrogen bomb, it is premature to include the fusion fuels in the world s inventory of capital energy. The technology for controlled fusion is not available, nor is development of a controlled fusion process expected in the next several decades. When available it would increase the capital supply to a level greater than that from all other sources combined.16... 

The propellant which has exclusively been used for a long time in conventional military weapons is the smokeless (or, more accurately, low-smoke) powder. According to its composition, it can be classified as single-base powders (e.g., nitrocellulose powder), doublebase powders (e.g., nitroglycerine powder) and triple-base powders (e.g., nitrocellulose + nitroglycerine (or diglycol dinitrate) + nitroguanidine powders). 

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