Combustion, of hydrocarbon fuels

The third characteristic of interest grows directly from the first, ie, the high thermal conductance of the heat pipe can make possible the physical separation of the heat source and the heat consumer (heat sink). Heat pipes >100 m in length have been constmcted and shown to behave predictably (3). Separation of source and sink is especially important in those appHcations in which chemical incompatibilities exist. For example, it may be necessary to inject heat into a reaction vessel. The lowest cost source of heat may be combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. However, contact with an open flame or with the combustion products might jeopardize the desired reaction process. In such a case it might be feasible to carry heat from the flame through the wall of the reaction vessel by use of a heat pipe. 

H. C. Barnett and R. R. Hibbard, Basic Considerations in the Combustion of Hydrocarbon Fuels with Air, NASA Technical Report, 1959, p. 1300. 

Carbon dioxide has been implicated as a contributing factor in global warming. Increased global warming has been associated with increased release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere attributed in part to an increase in the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. Carbon dioxide is an inevitable consequence of the complete combustion of hydrocarbons in air. If combustion devices are made more efficient, less fuel is required and less carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. 

Reactions (Rl) and (R12) are the two most important elementary reactions in combustion. H + O2 is the essential chain-branching reaction, while CO + OH is a chain-propagating step that regenerates the H atom from OH. Furthermore the CO + OH reaction is highly exothermic and responsible for a large fraction of the heat release that occurs in combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. Under moist conditions, reactions of CO with O and O2 are not competitive, but (RIO) may serve as an initiation step. 

E. Ranzi, A. Sogaro, P. Gaffuri, G. Pennati, C.K. Westbrook, and W.J. Pitz. A New Comprehensive Reaction Mechanism for Combustion of Hydrocarbon Fuels. Combust. Flame, 99 201-211,1994. 

Hydrocarbons. Extensive pollution of air occurs from the introduction of hydrocarbons either from (a) the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels in both stationary and vehicular engines or (b) from paint spraying, solvent cleaning, printing, chemical and metallurgical, and other plants that... 

Another important application of heterogeneous catalysts is in automobile catalytic converters. Despite much work on engine design and fuel composition, automotive exhaust emissions contain air pollutants such as unburned hydrocarbons (CxHy), carbon monoxide, and nitric oxide. Carbon monoxide results from incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels, and nitric oxide is produced when atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen combine at the high temperatures present in an... 

What factors determine the direction and extent of a chemical reaction Some reactions, such as the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels, go almost to completion. Others, such as the combination of gold and oxygen, occur hardly at all. Still others—for example, the industrial synthesis of ammonia from N2 and H2 at 400-500°C— result in an equilibrium mixture that contains appreciable amounts of both reactants and products. 

Edelman, R. B. Fortune, 0. F. "A Quasi-Global Chemical Kinetic Model for the Finite-Rate Combustion of Hydrocarbon Fuels With Application to Turbulent Burning and Mixing in Hypersonic Engines and Nozzles" AIAA Paper 69-86, AIAA,... 

An important application of hydrogen is its combustion. Hydrogen can be burnt in internal combustion engines [3] producing low levels of pollutants, and in fuel cells free of pollutants [15]. Ideal combustion of hydrocarbon fuels takes place according to Eq. (1.14) [23]. 

Detailed kinetic mechanisms for the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels have been subjected to relatively intensive study in recent years. The mechanisms are complex and involve a variety of chain carriers. Fundamental to such studies are data on rates of elementary steps. Extensive compilations of rate information are becoming available [12], [39]-[47]. Users should realize that uncertainties remain in rates of various elementary steps. Since these uncertainties sometimes exceed an order of magnitude, studies of... 

Incinerators are designed to bum and, in many cases, destroy waste materials which may sometimes be contaminated with hazardous substances. The waste materials usually have some heating value. However, nearly all incineration processes require a substantial amount of auxiliary heat which is commonly generated by the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels such as natural gas or oil. Most combustion processes use air as the oxidant. In many cases, these processes can be enhanced by using an oxidant that contains a higher proportion of 02 than that in air (see Chapter 1). 

However, fossil fuels do not burn automatically. Energy, usually in the form of heat or light, is needed to get the chemical reaction started. The combustion of hydrocarbon fuels requires this input of energy, called activation energy, to begin the reaction. For example, the butane gas in a disposable lighter requires a spark to start the combustion of the gas. 

High-temperature pyrolysis reactions of hydrocarbons are responsible for the production of PAH and solid carbon black particles, soot. This phenomenon is common in diffusion flames where, at high temperatures and without oxygen, hydrocarbon fuel aggregates follow pyrolysis and condensation paths with the formation of heavy aromatic structures. Many PAH s identified in aerosols have been found to be mutagenic and are certainly important soot precursors. This formation of carbonaceous particles has recently become one of the main topics in chemical reaction engineering, especially in the field of pyrolysis and combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. This interest rises from environmental concerns about PAH and soot particle emissions because of their dangerous impact on the human health (Oberdorster et al., 2004). 

Howell, J.R., M.J. Hall, and J.L. Ellzey. 2001. Combustion of hydrocarbon fuels within porous inert media. Progress Energy Combustion Science 22 121-45. 

J. R. Howell, M. J. Hall, and J. L. Ellzey, Combustion of Hydrocarbon Fuels within Porous Inert Media, Progress in Energy and Combustion Sciences, 22, pp. 121-145,1996. 

Klimov, A., Bitiurin, V, Moralev, I., Tolkunov, B., Nikitin, A., Velichko, A., Bilera, 1. (2006), Non-Premixed Plasma-Assisted Combustion of Hydrocarbon Fuel in High Speed Airflow, 44th AlAA Aerospace Science Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, AIAA paper 2006-617. 

D 2015 (1995) Test method for gross calorific value of coal and coke by the adiabatic bomb calorimeter D 2382 (1988) Test method for heat of combustion of hydrocarbon fuels by bomb calorimeter (high-precision method)... 

The transformation of crude oil industry consumes the highest amount of catalyst. If one adds to this the automotive industry, which uses catalysts to cle the gases produced during the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels in the engines, all together are responsible for more than 90% of the catalysts production. 

Sulfur oxides can form during the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels due to the presence of sulfiir in those fuels. One important reaction in such processes is the reaction of SO2 with O2 to form SO 3. Write a balanced chemical equation to depict this reaction. 

The combustion of hydrocarbon fuels produces carbon dioxide and water, so the production of these chemicals could also be measured to determine the combustion rate of the candle. 

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Colorless, odorless gas resulting from the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. CO interferes witb tbe blood s ability to carry oxygen to the body s tissues and results in numerous adverse health effects. More than 80 percent of the CO emitted in urban areas is contributed by motor vehicles. 

Ideally, the combustion process would produce only carbon dioxide—from the combustion of coal—or carbon dioxide and water—from the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels such as natural gas and refined peti oleum fuels. In practice, however, fossil fuels contain a percentage of materials other than carbon and hydrogen, such as sulfur, metals (including iron, mercury, and lead), and nonmetals (including phosphorus, silicon, and arsenic). In addition, air used to supply oxygen for combustion also... 

The catalytic combustion of hydrocarbon fuels becomes more difficult the lower the number of carbon atoms that are present in the fuel molecule. Platinum and... 

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