Commercial demand

Ferroelectric thin films have not, as of this writing, been commercialized. Demand for PTC ferroelectrics has been decreasing rapidly. Wide usage of the fuel injector in automobiles and other types of composite PTC devices is the main reason. 

Codeine, like morphine, is isolated from the opium poppy. However, the low yield of 0.7—2.5% does not provide sufficient material to meet commercial demands. The majority of marketed codeine is prepared by methylating the phenolic hydroxyl group of morphine. Morphine yields from opium poppy are 4—21%. When prescribed for cough, the usual oral dose is 10—20 mg, three to four times daily. At these doses, adverse side effects are very few. Although the abuse potential for codeine is relatively low, the compound can substitute for morphine in addicts (47). 

It is doubtful if there is any significant commercial demand for this product. 

The facilities consist of storage tanks or vessels, loading racks (or unloading) by ship, rail or truck, metering devices, and pumping or compression systems. Their capacities are relatively smaller compared to refinery storage and are normally dictated by local commercial demands in the bulk storage location. 

The commercial demand for pigments which tend to bleed is limited. A major consideration is the processing temperature in a particular medium. There are a number of baking paints, for instance, which do not bleed into a white coating if they are cured at 120°C while a certain extent of bleeding is observed at temperatures between 140 and 160°C. 

C. This IV region is too low for subsequent PEN processing. Therefore, SSP of the prepolymer is necessary to achieve the desired IV. A sufficiently high IV ( 1.0 g/dl) can be obtained at reasonable but prolonged reaction times via SSP, which is conducted under similar reaction conditions as PET. The reaction is commonly conducted batchwise in vacuo due to the limited commercial demand. 

The stepsister of the other two phthalic acids is isophthalic acid made from meta-xylene. The applications are similar, but the commercial demand is smaller. If it weren t for the fact that m-xylene is a coproduct of the other xylenes, no one would invent it. The other xylenes and phthalic acids would probably suffice. 

For hydrocarbons of more than three carbons, mulhple isomers are possible. Among those isomers, the natural or equilibrium distributions rarely match the commercial demand. Isomerization technology provides the means to convert the less valuable isomers into more valued ones. Specific isomerization reaction mechanisms involve species of relatively similar size, so zeolites, with their precise morphologies, can be made into exceptional catalysts with high selectivity. The ability to adjust zeolite chemistry through innovative synthesis or postsynthesis treatments further enhances their versatihty in isomerization applicahons. 

A large commercial demand for D-/>-hydroxyphenylglycine both for penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics had been established and provided the market-pull for the development of a new process. Kanegafuchi were reported to be producing 300-700 ton of D-p-hydroxyphenylglycine by this method in the early 1980s. The present market is estimated at 1000 ton/a. 

Today, it is well-known that peptides or proteins exhibit various kinds of taste. Our group has been researching on the relationship between taste and structure of peptides, BPIa (Bitter peptide la, Arg-Gly-Pro-Pro-Phe-Ile-Val) (7 as a bitter peptide, Om-p-Ala-HCl (OBA), Om-Tau-HCl as salty peptides(2j, and "Inverted-Aspartame-Type Sweetener" (Ac-Phe-Lys-OH) as a sweet peptide(5). The relationship between taste and chemical structure was partly made clear. Since commercial demand for these flavor peptides is increasing, we need to develop new synthetic methods which can prepare these peptides in large scale. We developed the following two methods (1) protein recombination method as a chemical method, (2) enzymatic synthesis using chemically modified enzyme as a biochemical method. 

Optimizing physical gas streams while simultaneously optimizing commercial demands for gas deliveries. Due to the nature of the integrated system, it is generally not desirable or even feasible for the operator to physically transport gas molecules in a routing... 

In an ideal situation, the equipment used to manufacture tablet dosage forms would be selected based on such factors as formulation, safety requirements, handling/production efficiencies, and commercial demands. In reality, the equipment used is usually what is already available at the development facility or production plant. In either case, the equipment should be qualified (installation and operation) before being used. Cleaning procedures should also be available... 

Bioreactor scale-up remains a considerable challenge for producers of ERTs. One reason is that pivotal trials for LSDs are conducted on small numbers of patients, using quantities of enzyme that can be produced in smaller bioreactors, before the need to scale up quantities of product (and bioreactor size) to meet commercial demand. This is a conundrum that places considerable pressure on sponsors. The pitfall is that different scales may change the product profile and pharmacokinetics characteristics sufficiently that regulators require duplication of preclinical safety studies and even clinical trials after the pivotal phase 3 trials have been completed. This places an undue burden on sponsors seeking registration for these rare conditions. 

Being major source of xanthotoxin, it has constant demand in pharmaceutical industries and amongst the medicinal plants exported from India (BCIL, 1996). The commercial demand of its raw materials is solely met through indiscriminate harvesting of natural populations. Kaul (1989) estimated that during 1980-85, about 150 tonnes of fresh roots of the plant had been harvested every year from the wild sources in Kashmir Himalaya. 

During the recent past, rising commercial demand for herbal drugs and dependence on produce harvested from the wild has led to the rapid depletion of a number of MAPs (Maikhuri et al., 1998a 2002 Nautiyal et al., 2002). The bulk of the medicinal plant is still harvested from the wild and only a very small number of species are cultivated (FAO, 1993). About 30% of the drugs sold worldwide contain compounds derived from the plants. Thus, it is now essential to focus on the conservation of natural resources, especially the biodiversity hotspots of the world. 

In this context, polyfluorenes (PFs) and polyfluorene-based materials have received considerable attention, especially because of their intense blue photo- and electroluminescence but also for their liquid crystalline properties [4-8]. Although improvements concerning color purity and device stability of polyfluorene-based PLEDs have recently been made, the strict requirements for commercialization, demanding tens of thousands of hours of operation, are still unreached goals for blue fight-emitting PLEDs. 

Of course, this is not to say that costs should not be minimized and potential complications, such as impurity profiles, etc., avoided by working with potentially commercial sources as early in the development process as possible. The problem is that only approximately 10% of phase I candidates will eventually be launched, and, furthermore, estimates of ultimate commercial demand will usually only become available toward the end of phase II. Suppliers may incur significant development costs before having any idea of the potential return, if, indeed, there is to be one at all. Obviously, this situation is not unique to chiral compounds and has lead to customers working with a selected number of preferred suppliers who gain access to a continuing number of opportunities. Speed of response will be one very important factor in making this selection. 

To satisfy the specific needs of these applications, numerous detergent and dispersant substrates have been developed. The aim of this chapter is to highlight the synthesis and utility of the most industrially important of these. Emphasis will be given to engine lubricants since this application has the largest commercial demand for detergents and dispersants. But other key areas, such as gear oils, transmission fluids and fuels, are also considered. 

The EU legislation, as The Waste Oil Directive [4], requires that the use of collected waste lubricants should be reclaimed as the major priority, rather than be burned as fuel. The withdrawal of the 40/tonne subsidy changed the emphasis towards reclamation and recycling. With modern reclamation plants and a shortage of base stocks as crude oil and fuel prices continue their inexorable rise due to increasing demands this requirement continues to meet commercial demands. There is however a strong possibility that the Waste Oil Directive may be repealed, and the choice of whether to reclaim the oil is expected to revert to individual... 

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