Consideration for the Future

As long as CMP is used, it is likely that the CMP defects presented in this chapter will still exist. It is believed that CMP technology will be used for many years to come. Furthermore, CMP will likely be extended to more applications such as the ones listed below  

I want to give special thanks to the people who helped me prepare this chapter. First to Yuzhuo Li, who has given me the honor and opportunity to write this chapter for his book. Certainly, Fujimi R D has been the largest source of information and pictures. Special thanks to Kazusei Tamai for many discussions and all the pictures he gave me for this chapter. 

What steps would you implement in order to minimize the possibility of scratches in a CMP process  

What is the issue with a visual difference of color at the edge of an oxide wafer How could the problem be eliminated  

What does a visual difference in color at the edge of a large array structure under anoptical microscope mean How can you eliminate the problem  

---

At the end of the project, a set of research gaps to be taken into consideration for the future have been identified such as the lack of data about chemicals in products as well as their emission to the environmental compartments, the need to assess the risk of chemical mixtures and not the chemicals by themselves, or the necessity of optimizing the current legislation on chemicals. 

Tseng, W., Overview Culture and Psychopathology, Culture and Psychopathology A Guide to Clinical Assessment, 1997, Brunner/Mazel, Inc. Vogel, H. Similarities Between Various Systems of Traditional Medicine Considerations for the Future of Ethnopharmacology, J. Ethnopharm., 1991, 35. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition, 1994, Ed. M. First, 1993, APA Press. 

Athey, T. W., 1992, Current FDA guidance for MR patimit exposure and considerations for the future, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 649 242-257. 

Ensuring that the policy is relevant to the expectations and needs of the organization s customers is a little more difficult. Companies need to predict what their customer expectations and needs are (now a requirement in clause 4.1.4 under Business plans). They may be beyond what they specify in contracts although they may in fact be identical to such specifications. For companies to create satisfied customers they not only need to meet requirements specified by the customer but meet national and international legislation and have consideration for the needs and expectations of society. As explained in Part 1 Chapter 1 on Quality characteristics, customers are not only the buyers but comprise several other interested parties. You need to provide a means of determining what the customer expectations and needs are and then subject the written quality policy to a review against those expectations and needs to determine if there is any conflict. As part of your business planning procedure you should indicate how you determine your customer s current and future needs and expectations. 

Corrosion by essentially pure steam arises principally in connection with power generating plant. Temperatures up to about 600°C in association with pressures up to about 15 MN/m are involved, although in the most advanced super-critical installations being planned for the future, temperatures of 650°C and pressures of 40MN/m are under consideration. The highest temperatures occur in the superheater tubes, but it is probable that the severest corrosion conditions on these components will arise from the presence of fuel ashes on the outside of the tubes rather than from the steam on the inside. Perhaps the most critical components in such installations will... 

Many reports on the hydrolysis of Pu(IV) and polymerization (aggregation) of the primary hydrolysis products exist in one form or another. The validity of some of the earlier data may be subject to question because the experimental conditions were not properly controlled. Therefore, these systems deserve further consideration for the sake of refinements. Nevertheless, the major area of interest for the future will remain with interactions between Pu(IV) hydrolysis products and other reactive species present in the solution. There is not only considerable promise of elucidating novel chemical interactions, but there is also a great practical need to fully understand the extent of these interactions in order to ensure the most complete control of plutonium in reprocessing operations. 

Even today renewable resources play a dominant role as raw materials for surfactants, but only because of the great contribution made by soaps to the production of surfactants. If the soaps are left out of consideration as native surfactants, petrochemistry holds 65-70% of the production of synthetic surfactants [2]. But for the future a further increase of renewable raw materials is expected in surfactant production [3]. The main reason for this development is the superior digestibility in the environment of products produced from natural materials. The future importance of the renewable raw materials becomes evident from the fact that even now new plants are cultivated or plants are modified to obtain an improved yield. A new type of sunflower has been cultivated to obtain a higher proportion of monounsaturated oleic acid compared with doubly unsaturated linoleic acid [4],... 

Planning for the future in Mediterranean climates requires serious investments in water conservation and consideration of alternative freshwater sources. Alternative... 

For the future scenarios (SCEN), all of the RCM experiments for the Ebro indicate that temperatures are projected to increase throughout the whole year with the largest increases in summer months [35]. There is considerable uncertainty as to the magnitude of the change in the ensemble with the driving GCM responsible for a substantial part of the large range in projected temperature increase (Fig. 5a). 

This technique allowed us to prepare small colloids with a high proportion of AmB (33% molar proportion compared with 5% in AmBisome). However, at present we have used expensive, synthetic phospholipids. It may be possible to replace DMPC and DMPG by natural or partially hydrogenated natural phospholipids such as those from egg yolk or soy. This sort of economic consideration must be taken into account for the future development of the formulation. 

---