Local elevation

Insufficient water leads to locally elevated metal skin temperatures ... 

Recruited blood monocytes encountering local elevated levels of Ap peptide would then refold the Ap into a fibrillar conformation, thus forming the core of an NP adjacent to a blood vessel [24]. These plaque-bound monocytes differentiate into macrophages and mount an aberrant "wound response" through the release of neurotrophic and chemotactic agents, inducing an inappropriate ectopic sprouting response toward the... 

NGF has effects on the physiological responses of mature neurons. NGF acts as a target-derived trophic factor for pain neurons, which innervate peripheral tissues such as the skin. Inflammation of these peripheral tissues leads to local elevation of NGF synthesis and abundance. Elevated concentartions of NGF are responsible for the enhanced sensitivity to pain that accompanies inflammation. This is due to the ability of NGF to lower the sensory threshold of the pain fibers, leading to hyperalgesia. Nocioceptive sensory neurons mediating pain sensation are entirely dependent upon NGF for their survival as these cells are selectively lost in animal in which either the NGF or TrkA genes have been knocked out. These animals are insensitive to pain and live only a few weeks. 

Topography. The local elevation at the aquifer intake area as well as the configuration and elevations of surrounding mountains must be relatively constant. 

For a surface active betaine ester the rate of alkaline hydrolysis shows significant concentration dependence. Due to a locally elevated concentration of hydroxyl ions at the cationic micellar surface, i.e., a locally increased pH in the micellar pseudophase, the reaction rate can be substantially higher when the substance is present at a concentration above the critical micelle concentration compared to the rate observed for a unimeric surfactant or a non-surface active betaine ester under the same conditions. This behavior, which is illustrated in Fig. 10, is an example of micellar catalysis. The decrease in reaction rate observed at higher concentrations for the C12-C18 1 compounds is a consequence of competition between the reactive hydroxyl ions and the inert surfactant counterions at the micellar surface. This effect is in line with the essential features of the pseudophase ion-exchange model of micellar catalysis [29,31]. 

Various zinc salts (usually chlorides and sulfates) have been used in cooling water formulations for many years zinc acts as a cathodic inhibitor by forming a protective precipitate of (often gelatinous) zinc hydroxide at the cathode due to a localized elevated pH. 

The range of techniques discussed in this volume measure local elevation, local relief, erosion and several environmental variables including precipitation, temperature, seasonality, and enthalpy. Relief, erosion and environmental records are related to paleoaltimetry through (1) empirically and theoretically determined climate-elevation relationships, and (2) assumptions about how erosion and relief relate to elevation change. While reading this volume, the reader should consider the specific measurement provided by a particular technique and its sensitivities to other factors. A broad range of approaches provides the opportunity to be both circumspect and comprehensive with tectonic and geomorphic interpretations based on paleoaltimetry data. 

Elevation predictions from tectonic models alone only provide simple guidance because topography is the product of complex reactions among climate, erosion and tectonics. Paleoelevation techniques discussed in this volume measure different aspects either directly or indirectly of topography some techniques are sensitive to local elevation, some to relief, and some rely on proxies of environmental variables. Future directions may include measurement of different variables of the tectonic-climate-erosion system independently from one another and understanding the interaction between them. From these relationships, directly or indirectly, the geodynamic processes may be further constrained. 

Lapse rates are commonly measured for precipitation, but the materials analyzed for isotope composition do not ordinarily sample precipitation directly. For fossils, isotope compositions are instead related to local surface water, e.g., rivers or lakes. Yet the catchment for a river may extend to much higher elevations than the local sampling site, i.e., the composition of local water is not necessarily linked to local elevation. Rather, the elevation estimate obtained reflects the hypsometric mean of the catchment (Rowley et al. 2001). 

Huber et al. proposed a local elevation protocol to sample the conformational space of a biomolecule exhaustively [91]. They introduced the concept of memory into the MD algorithm, and penalised the conformations which have already been visited by a Gaussian energy function ... 

Huber, T., Torda, A. E. and van Gunsteren, W. F. (1994). Local elevation A method for improving the searching properties of molecular dynamics simulation. J. Comput.-Aided Mol. Design, 8, 695-708. 

There are locations of locally elevated terrestrial radiation mainly due to uranium and thorium mineralization. Examples of locally elevated dose rates are ... 

In the above discussion we have assumed that the molecular contour surface G(a) is twice differentiable. This condition is required for gradients and local Hessian matrices of the local elevation function at all points along the surface, and for the local canonical curvatures of G(a) at each point r of G(a), needed for their classification into shape domains. 

Formaldehyde is released from many pressed wood products used in the construction of furniture (Konopinski 1983). When placed in a new crib manufactured from these materials, infants may be exposed because of tlieir proximity to the furniture s structural components. Also, small rooms that have new furniture manufactured from pressed wood products installed may have localized, elevated concentrations of fonnaldehyde because of their low total volume. 

Alternatively the tip can be scanned in a constant tunneling current mode. In this case the actually measured current is fed into an electronic regulation circuit which adjusts the actual tip-surface distance to a value resulting in a constant value of the tunneling current at all probed places. The signal fed into the z-axis piezodrive provides information about the local elevation. This mode works... 

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