Controlled fusion

Chen F F 984 Introduction to Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion (New York Plenum)... 

The plasma source implantation system does not use the extraction and acceleration scheme found in traditional mass-analy2ing implanters, but rather the sample to be implanted is placed inside a plasma (Fig. 4). This ion implantation scheme evolved from work on controlled fusion devices. The sample is repetitively pulsed at high negative voltages (around 100 kV) to envelope the surface with a flux of energetic plasma ions. Because the plasma surrounds the sample, and because the ions are accelerated normal to the sample surface, plasma-source implantation occurs over the entire surface, thereby eliminating the need to manipulate nonplanar samples in front of the ion beam. In this article, ion implantation systems that implant all surfaces simultaneously are referred to as omnidirectional systems. 

G. M. McCracken, P. E. Stott, and M. W. Thompson, eds.. Plasma Suface Interactions in Controlled Fusion Devices, North-HoUand, Amsterdam, the Nethedands, 1978. 

Several alternative technologies that were heavily supported failed to become commercially viable. The most obvious case was the fast breeder reactor. Such reactors are designed to produce more fissionable material from nonfissionable uranium than is consumed. The effort was justified by fears of uranium exhaustion made moot by massive discoveries in Australia and Canada. Prior to these discoveries extensive programs to develop breeder reactors were government-supported. In addition, several different conventional reactor technologies were aided. The main ongoing nuclear effort is research to develop a means to effect controlled fusion of atoms. 

Plasmas and Controlled Fusion , MIT Press, Cambridge (1961) 4) S. Pai, Magnetogas... 

C22-0020. One proposal for controlled fusion involves using an accelerator to propel deuterons into a lithium target, inducing the following reactions ... 

P. Gibbon, E. Frster, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 38, 769 (1996)... 

Nuclear fusion reactors do not split uranium atoms. They fuse hydrogen atoms in a process similar to that which occurs in the Sun and other stars. Although fusion physics is a common occurrence in stars, controlled fusion experiments continue. In 1994, theTokamak facility at Princeton reached a fusion plasma temperature of 510 million degrees and had a power output of 10.7 megawatts. 

Controlled fusion can also be carried out however, attempts are not successful because of the difficulty of producing extremely high temperature in the laboratory and more over which vessel will withstand such high temperatures. 

Semiconductor clusters have traditionally been prepared by the use of colloids, micelles, polymers, crystalline hosts, and glasses. The clusters prepared by these methods have poorly-defined surfaces and a broad size distribution, which is detrimental to the properties of the semiconductor materials. The synthesis of monodisperse clusters with very well-defined surfaces is still a challenge to synthetic chemists. However, some recent approaches used to overcome these problems are (i) synthesis of the clusters within a porous host lattice (such as a zeolite) acting as a template and (ii) controlled fusion of clusters. 

THE HOLY GRAIL OF NUCLEAR RESEARCH TODAY IS CONTROLLED FUSION... 

The main appeal of nuclear fusion as a power source is that the hydrogen isotopes used as fuel are cheap and plentiful and that the fusion products are nonra-dioactive and nonpolluting. The technical problems that must be solved before achieving a practical and controllable fusion method are staggering, however. Not the least of the problems is that a temperature of approximately 40 million kelvins is needed to initiate the fusion process. 

Picraux, S.T. Rossnagel, S.M. Wampler, W.R. Proc. 9th European Conference on Controlled Fusion and Plasma Physics. Oxford, England, Sept. 1979. 

As has already been pointed out, the plasma materials interaction represents one of many serious problems which have to be solved if controlled fusion based on Toka-maks is to become an adequate energy source. 

Two aspects concerning the preparation and properties of protective coatings as related to controlled fusion devices should be noted. In present and near term devices, erosion of the first wall is small as compared with that of the limiter. Thus, refractory coatings on the limiter resistant against thermal shocks are desirable in the near future130-133). On the other hand, the erosion of the first wall will become more im-... 

World Survey of Major Facilities in Controlled Fusion Research. Vienna Int. Atomic Energy Agency 1976... 

Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Surface Effect in Control. Fusion Devices (San Francisco 1976)... 

Proc. 4th Int Conf. Surf. Effects in Control Fusion Devices (Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1980) (to be published)... 

Bell AR, Davies JR, Guerin S, Ruhl H (1997) Fast-electron transport in high-intensity short-pulse laser-solid experiments. Plasma Phys Control Fusion 39 653-659... 

---