Booster stage

Today, the eapaeity of Western Mining s smelter exeeeds halfmillion tons annually and may reaeh up to 750,000 tpy with the addition of a fourth booster stage and aneillary equipment. Engineers at the smelter find the turbomaehinery availability and reliability are satisfaetory. Effieieney values of up to 91% are observed with the turboexpander models in use at dais loeation. This partieular model range offers five eomputer-generated geometries to meet the most speeifie applieation requirements, in either open or elosed designs. Impellers are east or milled to withstand erosion. 

L.3 The solid fuel in the booster stage of the space shuttle is a mixture of ammonium perchlorate and aluminum powder. On ignition, the reaction that takes place is 6 NH4C104(s) +... 

Fig. 14.13 shows a typical example of a propellant grain for which the burning surface area ratio of the booster stage and sustainer stage is 2.18. The relahonship... 

The respective mass discharge rates of rh g for the booster stage and the sus-... 

TWrfB = CdbA, Pb for the booster stage rh s = CdsA Ps for the sustainer stage... 

Fig. 14.18 A pair of photographs of the cross-section of propellant 2 (a) before combustion, and (b) after combustion interruption at the transition from booster stage to sustainer stage.

Economic Factors. Economic factors are related to the availability and cost of the propellant as well as the cost of the equipment required to transport, store, and supply the propellant. Generally, low cost is a prime requisite for a propellant which will be utilized in large quantities and/or in multiunits (i.e., booster stages of launch vehicles and in military weapons). However, where utilization of a high-cost propellant may be required to complete the mission, the cost factor can be of secondary importance. This situation is usually associated with upper stages of a space launch vehicle. 

ISRO polyol is considered to be a substitute for HTPB binder and propellants based on it are used in sounding rockets (RH-300). Such propellants are also considered as candidate propellants [94] for the booster stages of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV). The easy availability of castor oil coupled with its low cost makes ISRO polyol more attractive compared with current binders [95] like PBAN, CTPB and HTPB. 

A, Single stage B, Two stage with booster stage for improving the NPSHR a, Stages b, Booster stage. 

Primary ignition refers to the concept that a tiny bit of relatively unstable, high-intensity explosive can be used safely to detonate relatively stable explosive compounds. If a primary ignition system is used, waxes and clay can be added to sensitive secondary explosives to stabilize them for transportation and deployment. Then very fast, easily detonated mixtures can be used in very small amounts to make the whole batch go. In some cases, two booster stages are employed, leading to final detonation of the main explosive charge. This is, in fact, what occurs when commercial powder handlers use a cap to detonate primer cord which, in turn, is wrapped around a block or more of C-4. 

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