Milestones

Based on their microwave digestion system, Milestone offers the MicroSYNTH labstation (also known as ETHOS series) multimode instrument (Fig. 3.4 and Table 3.1), which is available with various accessories. Two magnetrons deliver 1000 W microwave output power and a patented pyramid-shaped microwave diffuser ensures homogeneous microwave distribution within the cavity [12]. 

Temperature control Immersed fiber-optic probe (max. 300 °C) Outside IR remote sensor (optional) 

Pressure measurement Pneumatic pressure sensor (optional) 

Cooling system Air flow 1.8 m3 min-1, external water-cooling recommended 

External PC Standard equipment, touch screen optional 

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Lump Sum contract contractor manages and executes specified work to an agreed delivery date for a fixed price. Penalties may be due for late completion of the work, and this provides an incentive for timely completion. Payment may be staged when agreed milestones are reached. 

Bibby D M, Milestone N B and Aldridge L P 1979 Silicalite-2 a silica analogue of the aluminosilicate zeolite ZSM-11 Nature 280 664-5... 

The expressions for the rotational energy levels (i.e., also involving the end-over-end rotations, not considered in the previous works) of linear triatomic molecules in doublet and triplet II electronic states that take into account a spin orbit interaction and a vibronic coupling were derived in two milestone studies by Hougen [72,32]. In them, the isomorfic Hamiltonian was inboduced, which has later been widely used in treating linear molecules (see, e.g., [55]). 

A further milestone was achieved in 1977 by Richardson ct ah They could for the first time visualize a complete protein structure from X-ray ciystallography data 19h. A large numlier of structures were generated in the following years. 

The history of iaclusion compounds (1,2) dates back to 1823 when Michael Faraday reported the preparation of the clathrate hydrate of chlorine. Other early observations iaclude the preparation of graphite iatercalates ia 1841, the P-hydroquiaone H2S clathrate ia 1849, the choleic acids ia 1885, the cyclodexthn iaclusion compounds ia 1891, and the Hofmann s clathrate ia 1897. Later milestones of the development of iaclusion compounds refer to the tri-(9-thymotide benzene iaclusion compound ia 1914, pheaol clathrates ia 1935, and urea adducts ia 1940. 

The development of malathion in 1950 was an important milestone in the emergence of selective insecticides. Malathion is from one-half to one-twentieth as toxic to insects as parathion but is only about one two-hundredths as toxic to mammals. Its worldwide usage in quantities of thousands of metric tons in the home, garden, field, orchard, woodland, on animals, and in pubHc health programs has demonstrated substantial safety coupled with pest control effectiveness. The biochemical basis for the selectivity of malathion is its rapid detoxication in the mammalian Hver, but not in the insect, through the attack of carboxyesterase enzymes on the aUphatic ester moieties of the molecule. 

The first polymer with a polymethylene stmcture was synthesized by von Pechmann in 1898 from diazomethane (1). Since then, there have been four milestones in the history of PE polymers as commercial plastics. 

Table 1. Recent Milestones in the Development of Primary Patent Literature...

A. Rogalski, "Selected Papers on Semiconductor Infrared Devices," in J. Thompson, ed., SPIE Milestone Series, SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Bellingham, Wash., 1992. 

The study of flow and elasticity dates to antiquity. Practical rheology existed for centuries before Hooke and Newton proposed the basic laws of elastic response and simple viscous flow, respectively, in the seventeenth century. Further advances in understanding came in the mid-nineteenth century with models for viscous flow in round tubes. The introduction of the first practical rotational viscometer by Couette in 1890 (1,2) was another milestone. 

AH cephalosporins found in nature (Tables 1 and 2) have the D-a-aminoadipic acid 7-acyl side chain (21). AH of these compounds can be classified as having rather low specific activity. A substantial amount of the early work in the cephalosporin area was unsuccessfiiHy directed toward replacing the aminoadipic acid side chain or modifying it appropriately by fermentation or enzymatic processes (6,22). A milestone ia the development of cephalosporins occurred in 1960 with the discovery of a practical chemical process to remove the side chain to afford 7-ACA (1) (1). Several related processes were subsequendy developed (22,23). The ready avaHabHity of 7-ACA opened the way to thousands of new semisynthetic cephalosporins. The cephalosporin stmcture offers more opportunities for chemical modification than does that of penicillins There are two side chains that especiaHy lend themselves to chemical manipulation the 7-acylamino and 3-acetoxymethyl substituents. 

In 1912, however, (201) it was discovered that espundia (American mucocutaneous leishmaniasis) can be cured by tartar emetic. It was soon learned that kala-a2ar (visceral leishmaniasis) and oriental sore (a cutaneous form of the disease occurring in the Middle East) also respond to antimonial therapy, especially when compounds of pentavalent antimony are employed. Treatment of leishmaniasis with the latter type of antimonials is safe and effective in over 90% of the cases (202). In 1918, it was demonstrated that tartar emetic is of value in the treatment of schistosomiasis (203). Pentavalent antimonials proved to be less effective. The introduction of antimony compounds for the treatment of parasitic diseases is undoubtedly one of the important milestones in the history of therapeutics (see Antiparasitic agents). 

Because of their limited, activity, small spectmm, and side effects, the older topical antimycotics have generally been surpassed by newer antimycotic chemotherapeutic agents. These newer antimycotics for topical use iaclude the imida2ole derivatives clotrimazole, miconazole, econazole, isoconazole, sulconazole, fenticonazole, oxiconazole, bifonazole, butoconazole, ziaoconazole, tioconazole, and the triazole derivative, terconazole (Table 2) (5—7). The iatroduction of the azole derivatives represents a milestone ia the treatment of mycoses. 

W. G. Dukek, A. R. Ogston, and D. R. Winans, Milestones inMviation Fuels, AIAA No. 69—779, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, New York, July 1969. 

Because of the importance of cellulose and the difficulty in unraveling its secrets, several societies (CeUucon, American Chemical Society, and TAPPI) are dedicated to cellulose, lignin, and related molecules, as is at least one journal that is abstracted by Chemicaly hstracts (3). The length of the proceedings of the Tenth Cellulose Conference (1638 pages) (4) indicates the vitaUty and interest in this subject, but research results are pubUshed in many other journals as well. There are also several recent books on cellulose (5—9). Reference 10 is a comprehensive review and is recommended especially for the historical review of proof of chemical stmcture, one of the milestones in organic chemistry. 

Goplerud, C. Peter 111. Water Pollution Law Milestones from the Past and Anticipation of the Future. NATURAL RESOURCES ENVIRONMENT. Fall 1995. pp.7-12. 

Increased operator awareness can be prompted by use of rate of process variable change, at absolute process variable milestones. For example, devices can indicate or be set to alarm if the rate of temperature rise is 5°C/minute for the 10 minutes preceding a process temperature of 100°C. 

The development of electrostatic precipitators was based mostly on empirical work, and it has produced more than 1000 patents covering all aspects of electrostatic air cleaning. From the theoretical point of view, important milestones were papers published by Deutsch as well as White.These papers deal with the collection efficiency of the electrostatic precipitator. The most important early papers dealing with the electrical charging of particles are the ones published by Arendt and Kallmann, Pautheniet and Moreau-Hanot, and White. ... 

Objectives are the milestones you intend to reach en route towards your goals. 

A design represents a considerable investment by the organization. There is therefore a need for a formal mechanism for management and the customer (if the customer is sponsoring the design) to evaluate designs at major milestones. The purpose of the review is to determine whether the proposed design solution is compliant with the... 

A variety of military aircraft projects have occurred over the years — far more than can be summarized in a short space here. Thus, only some of the significant milestones will be described. 

Internal Verification Systems or procedures are in place for reviewing performance against standards and milestones and reporting departures from established (external or internal) standards. Exceptions and deficiencies are corrected in a timely manner. 

In addition to specific deadlines for each task and subtask, you should also consider program milestones, key pcrints in the plan at which you will want to review progress to date and make any necessary adjustments. For example, if you have adopted an element-by-element approach, you could consider completion of each PSM element as a milestone similarly, each facility s program would constitute a milestone, if that is the approach you ve chosen. 

In addition, working from the schedule you have developed, you will need to estimate travel costs. Key dates to keep in mind include those you have established as milestones, since they may call for group meetings to review progress. 

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