HISTORICAL MILESTONE

Woodward s achievement in constructing the 10 chiral centers of lb relied on the cyclic substrate control approach. Erythromycin A (la) was finally synthesized by combining compound lb with a long chain residue. Although this achievement represented a historic milestone at that time, it also attested to the limitations of this popular traditional approach. 

Chalmers I. Comparing like with like some historical milestones in the evolution of methods to create unbiased comparison groups in therapeutic experiments. Int J Epidemiol 2001 30 1158-64. 

TABLE 1-1. Some Historical Milestones in Liquid Chromatography... 

While representing an historic milestone in applied 7i-complex chemistry, the synthesis, however, does not meet modern criteria of synthetic efficiency, a major drawback being the low diastereoselectivity in the formation of complex... 

Some Historic Milestones in the U.S. Chemical Weapons Program, 10... 

The text is kept as pedagogical and as simple as possible, and the literature review is not exhaustive, particularly on theoretical aspects, but rather selective of important fundamental developments, historical milestones, and technological breakthroughs. The scope is limited by editorial choice to systems containing ionic surfactants and some ionic-nonionic mixtures such as those involving pH-sensitive systems. 

In the first chapter we recount some of the historical milestones and briefly cover the most basic principles of ion chromatography, or IC as it is often called. The various components and hardware of IC instruments are described in Chapter 2, but it is not our intention to discuss specific commercial instruments. Chapter 3 has been updated to include advances in column technology and promising new columns, such as monolithic columns. Chapter 4 on detectors has been expanded to include new material on the contactless conductivity detector (CCD) and pulsed electrochemical detectors. 

Fig. 2. Family tree of polymer dispersions. The time axis in this graph denotes the time when the different kinds of pol3mier dispersions came to awareness of mankind starting with natural latex and ending with recent developments in polymeric colloidal complexes. Some important historic milestones are the following the biosynthesis of natural rubber in plants takes place on earth since millions of years, the first heterophase polymerization was mentioned in a patent filed in 1912 (21), the first process description to make an artificial latex was published in 1923 (40), and the first block copolymer dispersion made by heterophase polymerization was described in 1952 (41).

The above examples demonstrate the need for keeping the design of the receptor moiety central to the overall sensor design strategy all of the above being selective sensors for group 1 ions. Compound 4 is an example of a historical milestone in fluorescence sensor design. On... 

An interesting pictorial history of cardiology, that is also a beautiful reference to the history of biomedical engineering, can be admired in a mural at the National Institute of Cardiology, painted by Diego Rivera in 1947. Many of the historical milestones there depicted took place in Mexico or in Latin America. ... 

Abstract A ort general introduction combined with some historical milestones in the field of olefin metathesis is presented followed by an overview of recent representatives of metal carbene initiators. This paper attempts to relief the many supeib contributions and overwhehning woik invested in intelligent design and innovative synthesis in this area. Despites of recent advances there is still a great interest in the generation of new, better performing, and more environment fiiendly metathesis. 

This volume highlights some of the key areas of research and development relating to synthesis, characterisation and use of polymer therapeutics. For those new to the field, the text should be read in parallel with the historical milestone pubhcations (see the bibhography), including papers pubhshed in Advances in Polymer Science (for example [25,26]) and elsewhere [8,19]. There are also several recent reviews that are essential reading for the expert and newcomer alike [27,28]. 

Figure 1 Historical milestones in the development of wound dressings, antimicrobial fibers and implantable fibers.

Table 16.1 Some historical milestones in the development of electrochemical environmental sensors based on bare and chemically modified electrodes...

Three historical milestones have established three corresponding distinct contextual paradigms for entropy. First, the property entropy was conceived by Rudolph Clausius in 1865, based largely on Sadi Carnot s work on maximizing the efficiency of cycUc... 

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