Milestones Products

Glyphosate (12.112), a milestone product developed by Franz and introduced in 1971, has attracted a great deal of interest [34]. It is made by reaction (12.114) and is commercially produced and consumed in large quantities. 

The modifier in these cases seems to generate enantioselective sites at the metal surface and helps the molecule to adsorb in a preferred fashion so that the formation of only one stereo- product is possible. There are several milestones that have contributed to this state-of-the-art technology. Discovery of Wilkinson s catalyst led to the feasibility of asymmetric hydrogen transfer with the aid of an optically active Wilkinson-type catalyst for L-DOPA (Monsanto s anti-Parkinson disease drug) synthesis (Eqn. (21)). 

In conclusion, we have developed an efficient asymmetric synthesis of the selective estrogen receptor modulator 1. This process was scaled up in the pilot plant for the early steps in the synthetic route and in kilo laboratory scale for the later steps and finally 4 kg of the final product was made. The key process development and project support milestones are summarized below ... 

The classical royalty model, where the license fee is based on the added value of the new technology for the customer. As a mle, the royalties depend on the production volume and/or value of the chiral compound produced with the proprietary ligand, and are usually a percentage of product sales or a similar reference number. Also accepted are volume-independent royalties such as up-front or milestone payments. 

The discovery of the coccidiostat activity of monensin marks the second milestone in the history of the use of fermentation products in agriculture. Until this discovery, the emphasis had been on the search for antibiotics with antibacterial activity. It was now evident that fermentation products could be used for the control of parasitic infections. 

The third milestone in the history of the use of fermentation products in agriculture was the discovery of the avermectins. They were first detected in an anthelmintic assay using mice infected with nematospiroides dubius (13). This is one of the few assays in which they could have been detected since they lack antibacterial and antifungal activity. 

The production of penicillin was an extremely important milestone in the development of microbiology, chemistry, and medicine, signifying the creation of the powerful antibiotic industry and formation of modem biotechnology. 

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