Middle East market

Commercial plants The first plant, among the largest in the world, began operation in 1992 at the Deer Park (Houston) plant now owned and operated by Hexion Specialty Chemicals. Since that time, five other world-scale plants were licensed to the Asia-Pacific and Middle East markets. 

The demand for DRI varies depending on local market conditions. In industrialized countries, DRI primarily is used as a supplement to scrap for controlling residual elements in electric arc furnace steelmaking. In regions where scrap is scarce, DRI is used as a replacement in production of all grades of steel. In 1993, Latin America produced 9.4 X 10 t (39.3%) of the world s DRI. Middle East/North Africa produced 6.1 X 10 t (25.6%), Asia/Oceania produced 4.4 X 10 t (18.4%), and CIS/Eastem Europe produced 1.7 x 10 t (7.1%). North America produced 1.2 x 10 t (5.0%) Africa, 0.9 x 10 t (3.8%) and Western Europe, 0.2 x 10 t (0.8%) (1). Nearly 79% of the DRI produced is consumed in steel mills adjacent to the DR plants called captive plants. Plants which are designed to sell and ship DRI on the open market are called merchant plants. 

World carbon black rated capacities are shown in Table 14. North America has the largest capacity. Europe, Southeast Asia, and Russia/Eastem Europe have about equal capacities and Africa and the Middle East have only small production. The growth areas are predicted to be Southeast Asia and the Russia/Eastem Europe markets. The capacities for certain areas such as China and Russia/Eastem Europe should be taken as rough estimates. 

The percent of world oil production from the Middle East has changed over the years. In 1950, the Middle East produced about 16 percent of world production, but by 1975 it had a 35 percent market share of all production. That share declined to 25 percent by 1990 due to a decline in world demand, and stayed at that level through 1998. Eventually that share will rise. The big five Middle Eastern oil producers have the largest oil reserves in the world and therefore have the greatest potential to supply... 

Subsidies represent an often hidden financial benefit that is given to particular energy sources by government institutions in the form of tax credits, research and development (R rD) funding, limits on liability for certain kinds of accidents, military spending to protect Middle East oil supply lines, below-market leasing fees for use of public lands, and other... 

A considerable catalyst to the corrosion monitoring market has been expansion in the production of oil and gas, not only in the usual oil areas (US and the Middle East), but also the offshore developments in Europe. In addition to the usual uncertainty of the onset or progress of internal corrosion in the operation of plant, the oil industry has to face the considerable problem concerning prediction of field corrosivity and the possibility of the producing field becoming corrosive or more corrosive as depletion progresses. These factors have considerable influence on the installation of corrosion monitoring as oil and gas production is the major user of such equipment. 

As a first step, the authors built a database of the volatile terpenes for six olibanum samples with certified botanical origin and derived characteristic signatures associated with the botanical origin. In the second step they used these signatures to define the species of samples of different origin (commercial societies or markets from various countries of the Middle East) and to recognise the markers of olibanum in a mixture with other plants substances. 

The rise in capacity of EDC and caustic exporting units has implications for some high-cost integrated units especially in Europe where a decision will have to be taken on the future of the mercury cell units. Does it make sense to import EDC and use that in the vinyl chain or to continue to compete against a market fed by cheap EDC out of the Middle East The same would apply to Japan, though Japan has been importing considerable amounts of EDC for years (see Figs 1.4 and 1.5). 

In 1974 OPEC imposed an embargo on oil to the United States, causing a rapid rise in the price of a barrel of oil. Ashland Petroleum, a transporter, refiner and marketer of oil, purchases most of its crude oil. At the time of the embargo, Ashland imported much of its oil from the Middle East, thus raising the question of availability. 

Currently, there are two F-T plants operating on offshore methane. The first one is the Shell Bintuli plant in Malaysia, which produces 15000 barrels per day. The second one is the Moss Bay plant (PetroSA) located in South Africa. Recently, Sasol/Chevron, ExxonMobil and Shell announced major investments in F T GTL plants. In addition, there are many small (mainly for local markets) and large (mainly for export) project proposals for F-T GTL projects on the table. Most of the large project proposals are in the Middle East... 

Flavourings created for the US market or Israel normally have to follow requirements for kosher status, whereas markets as the Near and Middle East and parts of Asia (e.g. Indonesia, Philippines) have a strong need for halal flavourings. As the flavour market is becoming more and more global, even the European companies in the flavour industry have to be certified by the respective certifying authorities. In general these requirements result in a reduced number of raw materials and in specific cases also carrier materials (e.g. omission of ethanol for halal flavours) for the daily project work of a fiavourist. 

Other competitive developments have taken place in the world markets Du Pont serves. Commodity petrochemical production in the Middle East has increased, with the Saudis and other oil producers using their exceptional petroleum position to gain advantage. 

South-East Asia continues to be the main market for such stimulants, accounting for 42 per cent of total seizures in 2005, followed by North America (17 %) and West and Central Europe (16 %). Other important regions include the Near and Middle East (11 %) and Africa (9 %). The proportion of seizures made in East and South-East Asia in 2005 was clearly higher than in 2004 (28 %), but remained below the average of the 2000-2005 period (49 %). 

Recovered sulfur sources in Middle East countries have also been developed recently. Most important of these is the Saudi Arabian gas recovery program at Berri, Shedgum and Uthmaniyah which will initially add some 4,000 tons/d to recovered sulfur production. This additional 1.5 million tons/annum of recovered sulfur will further enhance the growing dominance of recovered sulfur in the total world market picture. 

Canadian sulfur production will show a net decline despite increased recovery at refineries and smelters. The greatest increases in supplies overseas are expected to occur in the Middle East, Poland, the Soviet Union and in Japan. Demand for sulfur in the world markets is expected to grow at roughly 4% per year (slightly faster than supply) and will sustain the present tight market and high prices for sulfur for several years into the future. 

The greatest overseas increase in sulfur supplies is expected to occur in the Middle East (especially in Saudi Arabia), in Poland, in the USSR and in Japan. Increases in sulfur from the Middle East and Japan will be due to increased recovery, while Poland s increase will be due to a new Frasch mine. From the standpoint of the impact on world markets, sulfur production in Poland and the Middle East is of greatest significance. New sulfur produced in the USSR will be largely self-contained. The expansion in Japan will be used to supply Japan s internal growth and to supply the Far Eastern market, notably Korea and mainland China, thus helping to offset the anticipated gradual decrease in availability of sulfur from Western Canada. 

The major markets for this technology are expected to be those developing countries, such as Mexico, Venezuela and the Middle East, which have traditionally used much block construction. There should be a ready market for sulfur blocks in these countries because many suffer from shortages of conventional block raw materials but have large supplies of sulfur. 

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