Middle East producers

Perhaps the most striking feature shown in Table 4 is the large imbalance between regional production and consumption in the Middle East as compared to OECD Europe. In 1992, the Middle East produced five times more cmde petroleum than it consumed, and OECD Europe consumed about three times more cmde petroleum than it produced that is, in 1992, the Middle East exported about 81% of its production of cmde petroleum, whereas OECD Europe imported about 66% of the cmde petroleum that it consumed. In the Asia/AustraUa region, 2419 x 10 m /d (15.2 x 10 bbl/d), or 23.3% of the world s total, was consumed in 1992. In the United States, production of cmde petroleum peaked in 1971 and has declined since then so that only 54.5% of the U.S. cmde petroleum consumed in 1992 was produced domestically. In Latin America, production of cmde petroleum stood at about 150% of consumption, whereas in 1978, production and consumption were about equal. 

The percent of world oil production from the Middle East has changed over the years. In 1950, the Middle East produced about 16 percent of world production, but by 1975 it had a 35 percent market share of all production. That share declined to 25 percent by 1990 due to a decline in world demand, and stayed at that level through 1998. Eventually that share will rise. The big five Middle Eastern oil producers have the largest oil reserves in the world and therefore have the greatest potential to supply... 

The Middle East produces 32% of the world s oil (Table 1.3), but more importantly it has 64% of the total proven oil reserves in the world (Table 1.4). Also,... 

Should these projects come to fruition, the Middle East producers will be the lowest cost producers for a wide range of petrochemicals and derivatives. The major portion of the products would be exported to the world markets and so will impact on the world price. This will be a particular concern to most producers in Europe and the Far East with feedstock (naphtha) linked to the prevailing crude oil price. The cracking operations in the Middle East in 2008 are listed in Table 1.5. 

The problem of COS formation can also be encountered in molecular sieve beds performing primarily as dehydrators. McAllister and Westerveld (1978) report that a large cryogenic plant in the Middle East produced a raw gas liquid containing 800 ppm COS as a result of the reaction occurring in the molecular sieve dehydrator. They recommend removal of acid gas prior to dehydration to avoid the problem. 

A listing of crude oil production and consumption rates for various countries and areas is shown in Table 15.2. Note that the countries in the Middle East produce much more oil than they consume, whereas the United States and countries in Western Europe consume much more than they produce. This situation points up the great importance of worldwide petroleum movement. The difference between production and... 

The resulting vapor phase is called associated gas and the liquid phase is said to be the crude oil. The production of gas is generally considered to be unavoidable because only a small portion is economically recoverable for sale, and yet the quantity produced is relatively high. The reservoirs in the Middle East are estimated to produce 0.14 ton of associated gas per ton of crude. 

Gum Arabic. Gum arabic [9000-01-5] is an exudate of the Acacia tree, found in the Middle East. It dissolves readily in water to produce low viscosity solutions. It is used in confectionery products, bakery toppings, beverages, fro2en dairy products, and dry drink mixes (86). 

The demand for DRI varies depending on local market conditions. In industrialized countries, DRI primarily is used as a supplement to scrap for controlling residual elements in electric arc furnace steelmaking. In regions where scrap is scarce, DRI is used as a replacement in production of all grades of steel. In 1993, Latin America produced 9.4 X 10 t (39.3%) of the world s DRI. Middle East/North Africa produced 6.1 X 10 t (25.6%), Asia/Oceania produced 4.4 X 10 t (18.4%), and CIS/Eastem Europe produced 1.7 x 10 t (7.1%). North America produced 1.2 x 10 t (5.0%) Africa, 0.9 x 10 t (3.8%) and Western Europe, 0.2 x 10 t (0.8%) (1). Nearly 79% of the DRI produced is consumed in steel mills adjacent to the DR plants called captive plants. Plants which are designed to sell and ship DRI on the open market are called merchant plants. 

Paint is one of the most common and widely used materials in home and building constmction and decoration (see Building materials). Its broad use comes from its abiHty to provide not only improved appearance and decoration but also protection of a substrate to which it is appHed. Evidence of the historical uses of paint goes back over 25,000 years to cave paintings found in Europe. The Bible describes pitch being used to coat and protect Noah s Ark. Over 10,000 years ago in the Middle East, various minerals and metals such as lime, siHca, copper and iron oxides, and chalk were mixed and reacted to produce many colors. Resins from plant sap and casein were also used. Over 2000 years ago in Asia, resins refined from insect secretions and sap from trees were used to make clear lacquers and varnishes (2). 

Historically, the world s petroleum production pattern can be related to geologic, economic, and pohtical factors. In the past, many countries have had large excesses in production capacity, whereas in the 1990s, only countries in the Middle East, such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, and the United Arab Emirates, have, in the short mn, enough excess capacity to expand production of conventional cmde petroleum in any significant manner. In the Middle East, production of petroleum is over five times the region s consumption (see Table 4). On a much smaller scale, Africa produces far more petroleum than it consumes (3.4 times). 

Commercial and Artificial Processing. Commercially, silkworm cocoons are extracted in hot soapy water to remove the sticky sericin protein. The remaining fibroin or stmctural sdk is reeled onto spools, yielding approximately 300—1200 m of usable thread per cocoon. These threads can be dyed or modified for textile appUcations. Production levels of sdk textiles in 1992 were 67,000 metric tons worldwide. The highest levels were in China, at 30,000 t, foUowed byJapan, at 17,000 t, and other Asian and Oceanian countries, at 14,000 t (24). Less than 3000 metric tons are produced annually in each of eastern Europe, western Europe, and Latin America almost no production exists in North America, the Middle East, or Africa. 1993 projections were for a continued worldwide increase in sdk textile production to 75,000 metric tons by 1997 and 90,000 metric tons by 2002 (24). 

Fuels. Two-thirds of the fuel used by the United States chemical industry in 1988 was natural gas [8006-14-2] which is clean and easy to combust (see Gas, natural). Although relatively inexpensive at the wellhead, natural gas is cosdy to transport. Hence the chemical industry is concentrated in regions where natural gas is produced, keeping the average price paid by the U.S. chemical industry for natural gas in 1988 to only 80% of the average U.S. industrial price (1). Similarly the movement of chemical commodity production to the Middle East is driven by the desire to obtain low cost natural gas. 

Potable Water RO and NF both play a major role in providing potable water, defined either by the WHO criterion of <1000 ppm total dissolved solids (TDS) or the U.S. EPA limit of 500 ppm TDS. RO is most prominent in the Middle East and on islands where potable-water demand has outstripped natural supply. A plant awaiting startup at Al Jubail, Saudi Arabia produces over 1 mVs of fresh water (see Table 22-17). Small units are found on ships and boats. Seawater RO competes with multistage flash distillation (MSF) and multieffect distillation (MED) (see Sec. 13 Distillation ). It is too expensive to compete with conventional civil supply (canals, pipelines, w ls) in most locations. Low-pressure RO and NF compete with electrodialysis for the desalination of brackish water. The processes overlap economically, but they are sufficiently different so that the requirements of the application often favor one over the others. 

Estimates of the earliest use of copper vary, but 5000 BC is not unreasonable. By about 3500 BC it was being obtained in the Middle East by charcoal reduction of its ores, and by 3000 BC the advantages of adding tin in order to produce the harder bronze was appreciated in India, Mesopotamia and Greece. This established the Bronze Age , and copper has continued to be one of man s most important metals. 

Between 1948 and 1975, per capita consumption of gasoline in the United States increased from about 150 gal/yr to a little less than 500 gal/yr. A gi owing trend after the war was the increasing use of jet fuel for aircraft and the decline in use of aviation gasoline. j fter 1945, oil production increased in other parts of the world, especially the Middle East and Latin America. By the 1970s, the Middle East became a dominant oil producing region. The cartel formed by... 

Iraq, the Bahrain Islands, and Saudi Arabia were the major oil-producmg countries m the region. As a whole, by the end of World War II, the region supplied about 13 percent of the total world production. Middle East oil wells tend to be much more economical than those in North America. There are fewer dry holes, and each mideast well produces on average ten times the volume of a U.S. well. 

A considerable catalyst to the corrosion monitoring market has been expansion in the production of oil and gas, not only in the usual oil areas (US and the Middle East), but also the offshore developments in Europe. In addition to the usual uncertainty of the onset or progress of internal corrosion in the operation of plant, the oil industry has to face the considerable problem concerning prediction of field corrosivity and the possibility of the producing field becoming corrosive or more corrosive as depletion progresses. These factors have considerable influence on the installation of corrosion monitoring as oil and gas production is the major user of such equipment. 

Aside from China, Japan, North Africa, and the Middle East, most tea is consumed as black tea, which is produced by promoting the enzymic oxidation of tea flavanols. For the production of green tea, inactivation of the tea enzyme system by rapid firing is carried out to prevent flavanol... 

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