The World of Carbon

Carbon forms more chemical compounds than any other element. 

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I.Asimov, "The World of Carbon , Abelard -Schumann, NY(1958) 49)ASTM Standards Including Tentatives Part 9 Plastics,... 

The discoveries of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes have contributed to enriching the variety in the world of carbons, where the new comers have opened a new realm bridging between traditional carbon and nanomaterials. Ball-shaped fullerenes and cylindrical-shaped carbon nanotubes form... 

BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE UNIVERSE THE WORLD OF CARBON THE WORLD OF NITROGEN... 

The world of carbon is not small and is multi-discipline. The structural range of carbon materials is wide with applications to be found almost everywhere. Although this book is devoted to activated carbons, it is appropriate to have access, for easy reference within the same covers, to the vocabulary of carbon materials. This is done in two ways first. Section 9.2.2 is a list of the keywords contained within the journal carbon, and used to characterize (a) types of carbon known to exist, (b) methods of preparation and processing, (c) experimental techniques used for their characterization and (d) properties and phenomena. 

Bilayer graphene (BLG) is currently widely studied due to the unusual electronic properties of bandgap generation that can be precisely controlled by the electric field.The QHE on BLG reveals a new type of quantized chiral fermion, distinct from other known quasiparticles, which results in the absence of a plateau at the Dirac point associated with massive Dirac fermions. Therefore, BLG is the first semiconductor with an externally tunable bandgap, a feature which facilitates its introduction into the world of carbon electronics. 

A vacuum-retort process (Pidgeon process) was used during World War II for the production of magnesium and calcium. SiHcon, in the form of ferrosihcon, was used as the reducing agent instead of carbon to avoid the problem of cooling magnesium vapor in the presence of carbon dioxide ... 

The rapid pace of development of our world over the last century has heen largely based on easy access to fossil fuels. These resources are, however, limited, while their demand is growing rapidly. It is also becoming clear that the scale of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions following the use of fossil fuels is threatening the climate of the Earth. This makes the development of sustainable production and energy solutions in industry, transportation, and households the most important scientific and technical challenge of our time. 

Then, once the desired fluorine-containing compounds have been synthesized, the real fun begins as the world of fluorine NMR is entered. However, one s first encounter with fluorine NMR can also present a problem because although most synthetic organic chemists are thoroughly familiar with the use of proton and carbon NMR for compound characterization, few have much experience with the use of fluorine NMR for that purpose. Moreover, there is presently no single place where a person can turn to obtain a concise but thorough introduction to fluorine NMR itself and, just as importantly, to learn how the presence of fluorine substituents can enhance the efficacy of both proton and carbon NMR as tools for structure characterization. 

According to recent studies, the forests covering about 30% of the earth s surface [1] contain 80% terrestrial biomass and provide habitat for about half of the world s known species of plants and animals [2]. Forests provide a wide range of ecological, economic, and social assets, as well as services such as climate regulation through the storage of carbon in complex physical,... 

The chemistry of carbon, known as organic chemistry, has i already been discussed. The element silicon, also in Group IV, is just as significant in the mineral world as carbon is in the world of living things. Silicon is the second most abundant element in the earth s crust (oxygen is the most abundant). 

Declining amounts of arable land, increasing world populations, and increasing costs of fertilizer and food and energy needs will make it increasingly difficult to maintain our soil resources. A key component for sustaining soil productivity is the maintenance of soil organic carbon (SOC). SOC maintenance requires the amount of carbon added to the system to equal the amount of relic carbon mineralized... 

The world produces about 7.2 billion metric tons of carbon each year in the form of carbon dioxide. The U.S. produces about 1.7 billion tons. (See Table 2-5)... 

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