Historical uses

Paint is one of the most common and widely used materials in home and building constmction and decoration (see Building materials). Its broad use comes from its abiHty to provide not only improved appearance and decoration but also protection of a substrate to which it is appHed. Evidence of the historical uses of paint goes back over 25,000 years to cave paintings found in Europe. The Bible describes pitch being used to coat and protect Noah s Ark. Over 10,000 years ago in the Middle East, various minerals and metals such as lime, siHca, copper and iron oxides, and chalk were mixed and reacted to produce many colors. Resins from plant sap and casein were also used. Over 2000 years ago in Asia, resins refined from insect secretions and sap from trees were used to make clear lacquers and varnishes (2). 

Sucrose [57-50-1/, 0 2 22, obtained from cane or sugar beets, was historically used as the primary sweetener for carbonated beverages. In the presence of acids, sucrose is hydrolyzed to fmctose [57-48-7] and dextrose (D-glucose) [50-99-7] the mixture is called invert sugar. The... 

Historical use of trash, slag and other wastes to reclaim low-lying or wet areas... 

The most common toxic metals in industrial use are cadmium, chromium, lead, silver, and mercury less commonly used are arsenic, selenium (both metalloids), and barium. Cadmium, a metal commonly used in alloys and myriads of other industrial uses, is fairly mobile in the environment and is responsible for many maladies including renal failure and a degenerative bone disease called "ITA ITA" disease. Chromium, most often found in plating wastes, is also environmentally mobile and is most toxic in the Cr valence state. Lead has been historically used as a component of an antiknock compound in gasoline and, along with chromium (as lead chromate), in paint and pigments. 

Frazier test Measures the amount of air transmitted through a filter under selected differential pressures. Historically used for textile products. 

The size separation of proteins has been routinely called gel filtration because of the historic use of cross-linked gels for this application. Specially modified Zorbax PSM columns, Zorbax GF-250 and Zorbax GE-450, are used for separating proteins by size. These columns are packed with porous silica micro-... 

In addition to their historical use, cash flow statements are prepared as part of the budgeting process in order to identify the effects upon the cash facilities of the proposed activities for the period under review. A typical, simplified, statement would give the following information. 

Based on many of the advances described above in electrochemical approaches to immunoassay, it is tempting to conclude that commercialization of some of the approaches is imminent. This may be true, but the historical use of optical methods for many clinical chemistry tests coupled with their rapidly growing use in immunoassay is a difficult barrier for any radically different method to overcome, though electrochemical sensors have become more important in the clinical chemistry laboratory over the last decade. In any event, to be successful ECIA methods will have to demonstrate clear superiority over existing and emerging technologies in both cost and performance. Some of the more recently described approaches such as those using enzyme amplified amperometric detection and ecLIA appear... 

Because of these precursor modification reactions, the process chemistry of chelate processes is as complex, or more so, than that involved in sol-gel processes.78 However, it is typical for chelate processes that some control of process chemistry is sacrificed in return for more expedient solution preparation. For example, the hour-long (or longer) reflux processes that have been historically used in 2-methoxyethanol based sol-gel processing of ferroelectric films are not used. Rather, the entire solution preparation procedure is generally completed within one hour, with only the initial phase of the procedure being carried out under dry box and inert atmosphere conditions. Once the chelation reaction(s) has occurred, the hydrolysis sensitivity of the precursor solution is reduced to the point where the remaining process chemistry may be carried out under ambient conditions.46... 

DDT was historically used in Spain as a pesticide from the mid-1950s to mid-1960s [51] but, as it forms hazardous metabolites as it breaks down, its use was restricted... 

Okoniewski, J.C. and E. Novesky. 1993. Bird poisonings with cyclodienes in suburbia links to historic use on turf. Jour. Wildl. Manage. 57 630-639. 

Historically used but still in progress are the optical methods, the applications of which in wastewater quality monitoring have recently been reviewed [67,68]. 

As with prisms, there are other devices that have been historically used for dispersing or filtering electromagnetic radiation. These include interference filters and absorption filters. Both of these are used for monochromatic instruments or experiments and find little use compared to more versatile instruments. The interested reader is referred to earlier versions of instrumental analysis texts. 

You will find that capital letters have been eliminated to improve the purity of the alphabetization. You also find a variety of spellings and definitions, many of which are contradictory. These variations and unusual terms have been retained to improve the historical usefulness of this cross reference. 

The FDA has continuously reevaluated GRAS substances for safety. The evaluation process looks at all scientific data available on the ingredient s safety as well as the historical use of the ingredient. Substances that have been... 

In areas where mirex was historically used for fire ant control, it has been detected in fish and other aquatic biota from contaminated rivers. An analysis of mirex residues in primary, secondary, and... 

Several other herbs have weaker evidence for CNS depressant effects, but hold potential for further research and evaluation. Certain herbs have also had historical use for treating epilepsy, before the invention of several modern, very effective synthetic antiseizure medications. There is, at present, absolutely no evidence that the CNS depressant herbs will be effective or sufficient in the treatment of epilepsy. Much further research would be needed to support this contention. Further, withdrawal of current antiseizure medications would put an individual at high risk for recurrence or worsening of seizures. 

Explain why the historical use of the word reduction, that is, the production of a metal from its ore, is consistent with the modern definitions of reduction. 

Use print and electronic resources to study the historical use of prosthetic limbs. Why were certain materials chosen in the past What problems did people have with materials that were used as prosthetics How did they attempt to overcome these problems ... 

Dibromoethane has been widely released to the environment mainly as a result of the historical use of the compound as a gasoline additive and a fumigant (Fishbein 1979). The compound has also been released from industrial processing facilities. For example, 1,2-dibromoethane was found in air, water, soil, and sediment samples taken near industrial bromine facilities in El Dorado and Magnolia, Arkansas, in 1977 (Pellizzari et al. 1978). 

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