Middle East oils

Exxon. (1984). Middle East Oil and Gas. Exxon Background Series, December 1984. Ne-w York Author. 

Iraq, the Bahrain Islands, and Saudi Arabia were the major oil-producmg countries m the region. As a whole, by the end of World War II, the region supplied about 13 percent of the total world production. Middle East oil wells tend to be much more economical than those in North America. There are fewer dry holes, and each mideast well produces on average ten times the volume of a U.S. well. 

Subsidies represent an often hidden financial benefit that is given to particular energy sources by government institutions in the form of tax credits, research and development (R rD) funding, limits on liability for certain kinds of accidents, military spending to protect Middle East oil supply lines, below-market leasing fees for use of public lands, and other... 

Moussa, M. M., New techniques to measure and control corrosion and thermal stability of drilling fluids in deep wells," SPE No. 11512, SPE Middle East Oil Technical Conference, Manama, Bahrain, 1983. 

Tphe Middle East oil crisis increased natural gas needs, and dwindling gas reserves have intensified the need to use our huge coal reserves for the synthesis of gas, especially methane. Energy requirements will double in the next 10 years and triple before the turn of the century. Use of pipeline gas has been increasing by 6% per year, almost double the overall energy demand. The rate of gas discovery in the United States has not kept pace with use, and the estimated reserves of some 2,500 trillion cubic feet could easily be depleted in 25 years. Liquid natural gas is imported to ease shortages, but it is 5-10 times as expensive as natural gas. 

In 5-10 years hydrogen may begin making inroads replacing petroleum and we can become less dependent on Middle East oil supplies. 

E. M. Moore. Hydrocarbon-Induced Damage in Sour, Wet Crude Pipelines. SPE 11514, Middle East Oil Technical Conference of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, Manama, Bahrain, 1983-03-14/17. 

E85 FFV vehicles are transparent to the driver and offer significant environmental benefits. The key obstacle has been economics. The experience at Chrysler points up once again the difficulty of competing with cheap Middle East oil, regardless of the other attributes of the available AFVs. 

Even considering inflation, which caused prices to double between 1971 and 1984, this period saw the price of naphtha triple in real value. This situation encouraged the petrochemical industry to search for other raw materials that could offer a more appropriate economic adequation to market needs. Accordingly, since 197 the trend was established to use heavier fractions produced by oil refining, such as atmospheric gas oil and even vacuum gas oil. More recently, due to the higher recovery of associated gases in the Middle East oil fields, and that of gas condensates in gas fields (North Sea, Indonesia), the European and Japanese petrochemical industries moved towards the use of propane/butane. often blended with naphtha, and even ethane for the North Sea riparian states. However, since the availability and price of these new raw materials, gasoil as well as liquefied petroleum gas. were uncertain and liable to market fluctuations. 

Restarick, H. L. Proceedings of the SPE Middle East Oil Technical Conference and Exhibition Society of Petroleum Engineers Richardson, TX, 1993 paper SPE 25547. 

WRIGHT, R. J., WHEAT, M. R. and DAWE, R. A., "Slug Size and Mobility Requirements for Chemically Enhanced Oil Recovery within Heterogeneous Reservoirs", SPE 13704, presented at SPE Middle East Oil Technical Conference, Bahrain, 11-14 March, 1985. 

Middle East oil Large oil reserves are found in Masjed Soleyman, Persia. 

Projected oil development programs in North America required a total investment of 856 billion over 2005. In order to restore Iraqi oil production to the 1990 level, some 5 billion was needed over the following 6 years, and, in a rapid growth scenario, production could reach 5.4 million barrels per day by 2030 at a cost of 54 billion. China will need a total of 7 trillion investments, which is 18% of the total investment. The lEA states that total investment of 20 trillion is required by the global oil and gas industry to keep pace with the anticipated demand over the next 30 years, of which about 700 billion is needed to support the Middle East oil sector. Oil from the Persian Gulf region will play an increasingly important role in the world economy. 

Cameron, C., Helmy, H., Haikal, M. 2003. Fibrous LCM Sweeps Enhance Hole Cleaning and ROP on Extended Reach Well in Abu Dhabi. Paper SPE 81419 presented at the SPE 13th Middle East Oil Show and Conference, Bahrain, 5-8 April. 

Table 1. A list of major accidents in a Middle East oil company between 1983 to 2009 (from NISOC, 2011). 

Sharing of past major incidents with other oil and gas industries provides useful input data for similar process industries in order to identify the most critical barriers and improve their safety processes. One poignant example highlights this matter. In 1998 there was an accident in the gas compression stage of a Middle East oil and gas plant which caused 7 dead as a result of fuel accumulation and vapor cloud explosion which was very similar to the Texas City Refinery disaster on March 23, 2005 in which a distillation tower was overfilled and an uncontrolled release of hydrocarbons led to a major explosion and fires. Fifteen people were killed and 180 were injured in the worst disaster in the United States in a decade. In both incidents, excess hydrocarbons were diverted into a pressure relief system that included a blowdown stack. In the Iranian case, it was equipped with a flare, but one which the operator didn t ignite in Texas City the blowdown stack was not equipped with a flare to burn off hydrocarbons as they were released. As a result, the flammable overflow from the tower entered the atmosphere. Ignition of the escaped hydrocarbons was enabled by startup of a nearby vehicle resulted in the explosion and subsequent fires (Hopkins, 2008). This example shows the repetitive patterns of accidents, and root causes of events all over the world in this sector. The lesson of this paper is that accidents in one country, where the scenarios are very similar, can and should serve as lessons to prevent the same scenario being actualized in other countries. 

Basrawi, M., Keck, D., Non-destructive testing technologies for the oil industry, Proceedings of the 13th Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference, 2003,... 

Okasha, T.M, and Al.-Shiwaish, A.-J.A. (2009) Effect of brine salinity on interfadal tension in Arab-D carbonate reservoir, Saudi Arabia. Proceedings of the SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference, 2009, MEOS, pp. 236-244. Danesh, A. (1998) PVT and Phase Behaviour of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids, Elsevier. 

Ibrahim, M.N., Clark, R.A., and Al-Matar, B.S. 2007. Streamline Simulation for Reservoir Management of a Super Giant Sabiriyah Field North Kuwait Case Study. Paper SPE 105069 presented at the SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference, Kingdom of Bahrain, 11-14 March, doi 10.2118/105069-MS. 

Pu, H. and xu, Q. 2009. An Update and Perspective on Field-Scale Chemical Floods in Daqing Oilfield, China. Paper SPE 118746 presented at the SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference, Bahrain, 15-18 March. DOI 10.2118/118746-MS. 

Altunbay, M., Georgi, D., Takezaki, H.M., 1997. Permeability prediction for carbonates still a challenge In Presented at the Middle East Oil Show and Conference, 15-18 March, Bahrain. Paper SPE 37753. 

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