Residues, Middle East

The demand for DRI varies depending on local market conditions. In industrialized countries, DRI primarily is used as a supplement to scrap for controlling residual elements in electric arc furnace steelmaking. In regions where scrap is scarce, DRI is used as a replacement in production of all grades of steel. In 1993, Latin America produced 9.4 X 10 t (39.3%) of the world s DRI. Middle East/North Africa produced 6.1 X 10 t (25.6%), Asia/Oceania produced 4.4 X 10 t (18.4%), and CIS/Eastem Europe produced 1.7 x 10 t (7.1%). North America produced 1.2 x 10 t (5.0%) Africa, 0.9 x 10 t (3.8%) and Western Europe, 0.2 x 10 t (0.8%) (1). Nearly 79% of the DRI produced is consumed in steel mills adjacent to the DR plants called captive plants. Plants which are designed to sell and ship DRI on the open market are called merchant plants. 

The word alcohol, like alchemy, has its origins in the Middle East. The Arabs are said to have made cosmetic paints by heating and vaporizing a mixture of compounds. The residue was used to paint eyeUds and called "kohl." When they later heated wines, they gave the product the same name as the cosmetic "kohl" or "al kohl." The word whiskey is said to be derived from the Celtic "uisge baugh" or "water of life."... 

Safflower, also known as bastard saffron, is a yellow dye that has been used for well over three millennia, having been identified in fabrics from the Egyptian twelfth dynasty. It is derived from the safflower plant, carthamus tinctoria, native to southern Asia and the Middle East. The coloring matter in the plants is a mixture of two components one is yellow, known as safflower yellow B the other, carthamin, is red. Safflower yellow B dissolves in water when fresh safflower flowers are washed with acidulated water. Evaporating the water from the filtered solution leaves the dye as a residue in the form of a powder. Following removal of the yellow component, the red constituent of safflower, carthamin, can be extracted from the flowers by washing them with hot water. In the East, carthamin was widely used in the past, mainly for making cosmetic preparations. 

DFCr systems appear to have the necessary metals tolerance to process residual oils and the abundant, cheaper, but heavily vanadium-contaminated, Venezuelan and Mexican crudes (1-4). Therefore, the dual function fluid cracking catalyst (DFCC) concept could lead to the generation of important catalysts for U.S. refineries should Middle East politics cause another sudden escalation in crude oil prices and availability. The concept is... 

Dautzenberg et al. (1978) CoMo/A1203, NiMo/Al203 Caribbean and Middle East long residue 1 ... 

These factors have akeady led to a substantial investment in fuel oil-desulfurization facilities in several parts of the world, notably Japan, the Middle East, and the Caribbean. With few exceptions these facilities have been based on indirect desulfurization, i,e., vacuum distillation, desulfurization of the vacuum gas oil, and reblending. This technique has limits in a market for fuels below the 1% sulfur level because none of the heavy, high sulfur vacuum residue is processed. To some extent this can be mitigated by preferentially blending this material to bunkers and by using naturally occurring low sulfur residues as blending stocks. 

To help evaluate the fate of metals in soils, it can be helpful to separate total Pb into the compartments by which it is predominantly bound exchangeable, organically-complexed, adsorbed to Fe and Mn oxides, associated with sulfide minerals, and the residual fraction which is primarily the natural silicate fraction [118,119]. This approach is especially useful when it is combined with the determination of the isotopic composition of Pb in these fractions. In soils from the Middle East, isotope analyses of the labile fractions were used [120] to show that there had been substantial penetration of anthropogenic Pb into deeper soil layers. However, in a comparable study of soils from central Emope, no such mobilization was found [121]. 

Middle East Arabian Medium Vacuum residue (VR)... 

Thermogravimedy in argon shows that the evaporation start temperatures of the extracts (T1 %, T5 %) increase with increasing solubility parameter 5, whereas the distillable fraction AG400 decreases and the residues J 600 and i 800 increase (Fig. 4-113). This is a consequence of the rising amounts of aromatic, coke-generating substances, whieh were extracted with solvents of increasing solubility parameter. The curves of the simulated distillation of the extracts correspond approximately to that of an atmospheric residue of a Middle East crude (for example AR Kirkuk). 

The behavior of a vacuum residue from a Venezuelan crude was simulated by a distillation bitumen B80 (according to DIN 1995). Further, a vacuum residue of a Middle East crude (VR Kuwait) and its colloid components, i.e. dispersion medium, petroleum resins, and asphaltenes were investigated. Those substances were characterized by element analysis and average relative particle weight (molecular weight) (Table 4-200) and by analysis of their colloid composition according to Neumann [4-10] (Table 4-201). 

B, Feedstocks Properties of the Caribbean long residue (Feed l) and the Middle East long residue (Feed II) used as feedstocks in these studies are listed in Table I. 

Figure 3. Vanadium removal during hydrodesulfurization of Caribbean and Middle East long residues...

The validity of expression (15), based on the catalyst pore-mouth plugging model, has been demonstrated in many experiments performed with Caribbean as well as Middle-East long residues as feeds, irrespective of the conditions used. 

CMIBBEAN LONO RESIDUE ( FEED I) MIDDLE EAST LONG RESIDUE (FEED H)... 

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