Middle East crude

Of the North American total, about 1,100,000 barrels per day came from Texas, 420,000 from California, 170,000 from Mexico, and the remainder largely from Arkansas, Mississippi, and New Mexico. The sulfurous Venezuelan crudes come from the Lake Maracaibo area and these, like the Mexican crudes, give relatively low yields of naphtha and middle distillates, thus differing from the Middle East crudes. Only small amounts of crude oil with sulfur contents greater than 1% by weight exist in U.S.S.R., Europe, and the Far East. 

Sour Crude—Crude oil which (1) is corrosive when heated. (2) evolves significant amounts of hydrogen sulfide on distillation, or (3) produces light fractions which require sweetening. Sour crudes usually, but not necessarily, have high sulfur content. Examples are most West Texas and Middle East crudes. 

Figure 2-4 Sulfur content (wt%) of distillation products from a Middle East crude oil. 

The fact that a traditional VGO FCC unit is also a "fuel oil" cracker, can be illustrated by the fact that processing of VGO in a FCC unit in a refinery running on Middle East crude, will reduce the heavy fuel oil production of the refinery by about 10% wt on crude (7). 

Coastal utilities have been major consumers of products derived from imported crudes. East coast utility fuels have been based on Venezuelan and Middle East crudes while the West coast has obtained much of its fuel from Indonesia. There are a number of reasons why it would be difficult to convert these plants to coal firing. Auxiliary facilities such as storage areas, rail sidings, and unloading and conveying equipment are no longer in place to handle coal. It is even more significant that the land on which these facilities were located has been sold or used for other utility purposes. As a result, scrubbers could not be installed at these sites to allow for sulfur dioxide control. 

Derivatives of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[c]thiophene are listed in Table II. l,4,4-Trimethyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[c]thiophene (27) has been detected in a kerosine extract derived by refining a Middle-East crude oil.40... 

Figure 1. Atomic H/C vs. O/C ratios for asphaltenes from a variety of sources (M) petroleum crude (Alberta, Cretaceous, Carboniferous, and Devonian) ( ) Middle East crude (w) North and South American crude (+) shale oil (+) oil sands and (A) liquids from Kentucky coal at 4000 psi hydrogen and West Virginia coal at (O) 4000 psi, and (U) at 2000 psi hydrogen (21)...

Distillates Type V-20 Total Distillates, Lagunillas Crude SAE 30, Middle East Crude... 

During the Arrow oil spill work, the ratio of the most abundant C29 to C30 hopane was defined and used as a reliable source indicator. Zakaria et al. studied oil pollution in the Straits of Malacca. Various samples including Malaysia oil, Middle East crude oils, South East Asian crude... 

Sample No. 3 Agha Jari Crude Sample No. 5 Venezuela Crude Sample No. 7 Middle East Crude, Semiblown... 

Thermogravimedy in argon shows that the evaporation start temperatures of the extracts (T1 %, T5 %) increase with increasing solubility parameter 5, whereas the distillable fraction AG400 decreases and the residues J 600 and i 800 increase (Fig. 4-113). This is a consequence of the rising amounts of aromatic, coke-generating substances, whieh were extracted with solvents of increasing solubility parameter. The curves of the simulated distillation of the extracts correspond approximately to that of an atmospheric residue of a Middle East crude (for example AR Kirkuk). 

The behavior of a vacuum residue from a Venezuelan crude was simulated by a distillation bitumen B80 (according to DIN 1995). Further, a vacuum residue of a Middle East crude (VR Kuwait) and its colloid components, i.e. dispersion medium, petroleum resins, and asphaltenes were investigated. Those substances were characterized by element analysis and average relative particle weight (molecular weight) (Table 4-200) and by analysis of their colloid composition according to Neumann [4-10] (Table 4-201). 

As a variation of this model for Middle East crude oil mixtures, they [34,35] used the the same form of the equation, but now for the kinematic viscosity, with the following parameters ... 

The comparison of the NiMo/Al203 catalyst with the NiMo/AC catalysts (Table 26) using the AR obtained from the Middle East crude was made by... 

Kuwait Crude. Kuwait crude, one of the typical Middle East crude oils, was subjected to the pyrolysis. The experimental conditions covered the ranges of temperature 700 900°C, of residence time 0.2 l sec, and of steam dilution ratio 0.5 2 by weight to crude oil. These operating variables were examined relative to their effect on the yields of olefins and aromatics. 

The change of viscosity with temperature for more than 80 crude oils has been reported. For most Oklahoma crude oils and for most Middle East crude oils, the viscosity curves are a consistent function, of API gravity, but no such consistency is evident among the oils from other regions. 

Elsharkawy, A.M., Alikhan, A.A. 1999. Models for predicting the viscosity of middle east crude oils. Fuel 78 891-903. 

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