Submerged soil

Tsutsuki K, Ponnamperuma FN. Behavior of anaerobic decomposition products in submerged soils Effects of organic material amendment, soil properties, and temperature. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 1987 33 13-33. 

Pasricha N.S., Ponnamperuma F.N. Influence of salt and alkali on ionic equalibria in submerged soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 1976 40 374-376. 

In continually submerged soils, there is no oxygen. Thus, the entire environment is anaerobic and reducing. Under these conditions, there will be a predominance of the reduced forms mentioned earlier, namely, methane, hydrogen sulfide, ferrous iron, and so on. 

Degradation of Trifluralin in Submerged Soil. The redox potential of the soil became negative after only 3 days and reached a low of -450 mv after 32 days (Table II). There was little difference in the measurements between the 1 and 3 cm soil depths. We therefore assume that all soil samples (except possibly at Day 2) were anaerobic. 

Submerged soils behave and affect the environment in substantially different ways to dryland soils. This chapter discusses the main characteristics and enviromnental effects of submerged soils and the wetlands they support, and their extent across the globe. 

The Biogeochemistry of Submerged Soils Guy Kirk 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd ISBN 0-470-86301-3... 

Swamps are forested, freshwater wetlands on submerged soils in which little peat accumulates. This is the US definition elsewhere the term also includes non-forested wetlands with reeds. Swamps tend to form in warmer climates. 

Figure 1.3 Schematic profile of a submerged soil with redoximorphic features...

Table 2.3 gives the self-diffusion coefficients of some important ions in submerged soils and Figure 2.2 shows the values for the elemental ions plotted against ionic potential ( z /r where z is the absolute ionic charge and r the crystal ionic radius). As the ionic potential increases the hydration layer of water molecules around the ion increases, and therefore the mobility tends to decrease. Also, at the same ionic potential, cations diffuse faster than anions. The mobilities... 

In submerged soils there tends to be a gradient of bulk density with depth as a result of the settling of disturbed sediment. As a result, the bulk density is... 

Figure 2.13 Effect of mixing of pore water by tubificid worms on profiles of P concentration in submerged soil calculated with Equations (2.37) and (2.40). Numbers on curves are densities of tubificids...

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