Microbiology, soil

Greenland DG, Hayes MHB (1981) The chemistry of soil constituents. WUey, New York Harris RF (1981) Effect of water potential on microbial growth and activity. In Par J et al. (eds) Water potential relations in soil microbiology. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wl. 

Soil science has adopted tools and techniques from a wide variety of basic and applied sciences in the study of the soil. Courses include introductory soil science, sod fertility, soil chemistry, soil physics, soil microbiology, soil genesis, soil taxonomy, pedology, soil conservation, and soil mans emenL The minimum requirement for a career in soil science is a bachelor of science degree in soil science or in s onomy, chemistry, physics, or environmental science with selected courses in soil science. For advanced positions, a master of science or doctorate in soil science is preferred. 

Bacon CW, DeBattista J (1991) Endophytic fungi of grasses. In Arora DK, Rai B, Mukeiji KG, Knudsen GR (eds) Handbook of applied microbiology. Soils and plants, vol 1. Mmcel Dekker, New York, p 231... 

Community initiatives focused on creating science learning experiences beyond the classroom. Community partnerships involved teachers and students working in association with local industry, in parks, on excursions or programs of visits, or with scientists. For example, a primary school worked in a new local wetlands park, the aim of which is to restore environmental conditions to be similar to those prior to European settlement. Secondary school students became involved in a wine production process in partnership with a local wine industry, in which they engaged in plant propagation and in chemical applications such as fermentation, microbiology, soil analysis, and weather studies. 

M. Alexander, Introduction to Soil Microbiology, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1967. 

Measurement of some of these parameters identifies the risk of a particular type of corrosion, for example pH measurements assess the risk of acid attack and redox potential measurements is used to assess the suitability of the soil for microbiological corrosion, a low redox potential indicates that the soil is anaerobic and favourable for the life cycle of anaerobic bacteria such as to sulphate-reducing bacteria. Other measurements are more general, resistivity measurements being the most widely quoted. However, as yet no single parameter has been identified which can confidently be expected to assess the corrosion risk of a given soil. It is therefore common practice to measure several parameters and make an assessment from the results. 

It has been well established that triphenyltin compounds are broken down photochemically to inorganic tin via the di- and monophenyltin derivatives both under laboratory (505, 506) and natural (507) conditions. In soil, triphenyltin acetate is converted microbiologically (505) into inorganic tin, as is tricyclohexyltin hydroxide (502). The latter compound is also photochemically broken down to inorganic tin (502, 508). 

Paul, E. A. and Clark, F. E. 1996. "Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry". Academic Press, San Diego. 

Sterilization is an essential stage in the processing of aity product destined for parenteral administration, or for contact with broken skin, mucosal surfaces or internal organs, where the threat of infection exists, hi addition, the sterilization of microbiological materials, soiled dressings and other contaminated items is necessary to minimize the health hazard associated with these articles. 

Henson JM, Yates MV, Cochran JW, et al. 1988. Microbial removal of halogenated methanes, ethanes, and ethylenes in an aerobic soil exposed to methane. Published in FEMS Microbiology Ecology. Prepared in cooperation with Northrop Services, Inc. Ada, OK and Oklahoma Univ., Norman Dept, of Botany and Microbiology. EPA/600/J-88/066. 

Other environmental properties of interest are those that govern movement of chemicals, for these properties can influence not only the possibility of human exposure but also the lifetime and fate of the chemical. Clearly, if a nitrosamine is formed in, or introduced into, the soil and stays there, it presents little threat to man, and its lifetime will depend on the chemical or microbiological properties of the soil. If it should move to the surface and volatilize into the atmosphere, on the other hand, there will exist the possibility of human exposure via inhalation and also the possibility of vapor-phase photodecomposition. If a nitrosamine were to leach from soil into water, it could perhaps be consumed in drinking water alternatively, exposure of the aqueous solution to sunlight could provide another opportunity for photodecomposition. 

Morgan P, RJ Watkinson (1989b) Microbiological methods for the cleanup of soil and ground water contaminated with halogenated organic compounds. FEMS Microbiol Revs 63 277-300. 

Radajewski S, G Webster, DS Reay, SA Morris, P Ineson, DB Nedwell, 11 Prosser, JC Murrell (2002) Identification of active methylotroph populations in an acidic forest soil by stable-isotope probing. Microbiology (UK) 148 2331-2341. 

VoUcering F, AM Breure, WH RuUcens (1998) Microbiological aspects of surfactant use for biological soil remediation. Biodegradation 8 401-417. 

Firestone, M. K. and Davidson, E. A. (1989). Microbiological basis of NO and N2O production and consumption in soil. In "Exchange of Trace Gases Between Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Atmosphere", (M. O. Andreae and D. S. Schimel, Eds), pp. 7-21. John Wiley Sons, New York. 

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