Microbiological transformation processes

The introduction of chemicals into the environment is considerable. Large amounts of organic compounds are released into the environment every year by industrial and agricultural processes, traffic, urban waste disposal and ecological disasters. Once present in the environment, they are subjected on the one hand to transport processes in air, water and soil and, on the other hand, they are subjected to the influence of the reactor environment , i.e. transformation products may be formed by chemical, photochemical and microbiological transformation processes. Chemical reactions with other pollutants present in the environment can also take place. As a result of these processes, a variety of new and unexpected compounds can be formed from the originally released pollutants and, as a rule, they are more polar than the parent compounds. 

An advantage of the mediator model (Equation 9) is that it can be used to simplify the problem of describing contaminant reduction reactions if the mediator is characterized more easily than the bulk donor. In this case, the bulk donor is best neglected and the problem reduced to the mediator and contaminant half-reactions. The advantage is greatest when a complex microbiological transformation process can be reduced to a reaction with a well defined biogenic mediators, such as quinones (98, 99), porphyrins, or corronoids (100-102). 

Remediation by monitored natural attenuation has been thoroughly reviewed in Chapter 23.1. In die environment, HCs are susceptible to a variety of physical, chemical, and microbiological transformation processes. Specifically, they can undergo biotransformation reac-... 

Archelas A, J-D Fonmeron, R Fnrstoss, M Cesario, C Pascard (1988) Microbial transformations. 8. First example of a highly enantioselective microbiological hydroxylation process J Amer Chem Soc 53 1797-1799. 

The residence time of the wastewater in a sewer may, under dry-weather conditions, be of the same order of magnitude as that found in treatment plants. In-sewer chemical and microbiological processes are, therefore, of specific interest under such conditions. This volume shows in detail that the microbiological transformations of wastewater in sewers relate directly to the treatment processes and, thereby, to the changes in effluent quality. 

Adriaens P. and Vogel T. M. (1995) Treatment processes for chlorinated organics. In Microbiological Transformation and Degradation of Toxic Organic Chemicals (eds. L. Y. Young and C. Cerniglia). Wiley, New York, NY, pp. 427-476. 

Various cyclic sesquiterpenes have also been studied in order to explore the possibility of achieving their microbiological transformations. Very often these were shown to lead to epoxidation processes when one (or several) double bonds were present in the starting substrate (Fig. 16.1-28). 

The other process, which is of equal importance, is preservation of the product of microbiological transformation. The preservation process depends, among other things, on product applicability, the way it is utilized, storage possibility, and... 

Ampe, F., Miambi, E. (2000). Cluster analysis, richness and biodiversity indexes derived from denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprints of bacterial communities demonstrate that traditional maize fermentations are driven by the transformation process. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 60, 91-97. 

Rama Devi, J. and P.K. Bhattacharyya. 1978. Molecular rearrangements in the microbiological transformations of terpenes and the chemical logic of microbial processes. J. Indian Chem. Soc., 55 1131-1137. Rapp, A. and H. Mandery, 1988. In uence of Botrytis cinerea on the monoterpene fraction wine aroma. In Bioflavour 87. Analysis—Biochemistry—Biotechnology, P. Schreier. ed.. pp. 445-452. Berlin, Germany Walter de Gruyter and Co. 

Rama Devi, J. and P.K. Bhattacharyya, 1978. Molecular rearrangements in the microbiological transformations of terpenes and the chemical logic of microbial processes. J. Indian Chem. Soc., 55 1131-1137. 

Gutierrez M-C, Furstoss R, Alphand V (2005) Microbiological transformations 60. Enantioconvergent Baeyer-Villiger oxidation via a combined whole cells and ionic exchange resin-catalysed dynamic kinetic resolution process. Adv Synth Catal 347(7-8) 1051-1059. doi 10.1002/adsc.200505048... 

N. Berezina, V. Alphand, R. Furstoss, Microbiological transformations. Part 51 The first example of a dynamic kinetic resolution process applied to a microbiological Baeyer-Villiger oxidation. Tetrahedron Asymmetry 13 (2002) 1953-1955. 

Cleij, M., Archelas, A. and Furstoss, R. (1998) Microbiological transformations. Part 42 A two-liquid-phase preparative scale process for an epoxide hydrolase catalysed resolution of parfl-bromo-a-methyl styrene oxide. Occurrence of a surprising enantioselectivity enhancement. Tetrahedron Asymmetry, 9, 1839-1842. 

Manoj, K.M., Archelas, A., Baratti, J. and Furstoss, R. (2001) Microbiological transformations. Part 45. A green chemistry preparative scale synthesis of enantiopure building blocks of Eliprodil elaboration of a high substrate concentration epoxide hydrolase-catalyzed hydrolytic kinetic resolution process. Tetrahedron, 57,695-701. 

My intent is for the book to contribute to an understanding of the sewer as a chemical and microbiological reactor for the transformation of wastewater, and that the processes within it influence not just the sewer system but the entire urban wastewater system. Chemical and biological processes in wastewater start at the sink and not at the inlet to treatment plants — or in the receiving waters during combined sewer overflows. 

Oberson A, Besson JM, Maire N, Sticher H (1996) Microbiological processes in soil organic phosphorus transformations in conventional and biological cropping systems. Biol Fertil Soils 21 138-148... 

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