Microbiological transformation

J. F. T. Spencer u. P. A. J. Gorin, Microbiological Transformations of Sugars and Related Compounds, Progr. in... 

A. A. Achrem u. Yu. A. Titow, Microbiological Transformations of Steroids, Nauka-Press, Moskau 1965. 

Parshikov lA, IP Freeman, JO Lay, RD Beger, AJ Williams, JB Sutherland (2000) Microbiological transformation of enrofloxacin by the fungus Mucor ramannianus. Appl Environ Microbiol 66 2664-2667. 

Ibrahim A-R S, YJ Abul-Hajj (1990a) Microbiological transformation of flavone and isoflavone. Xenobiotica 20 363-373. 

The residence time of the wastewater in a sewer may, under dry-weather conditions, be of the same order of magnitude as that found in treatment plants. In-sewer chemical and microbiological processes are, therefore, of specific interest under such conditions. This volume shows in detail that the microbiological transformations of wastewater in sewers relate directly to the treatment processes and, thereby, to the changes in effluent quality. 

The microbiological transformation of several yohimbines and derivatives resulted almost exclusively in aromatic-ring hydroxylated compounds (298, 299). 

On the basis of the feasibility studies, an in situ technology was applied for the biological remediation of TNT and its transformation products. Microbiological transformation of TNT in the soil was stimulated by the addition of a carbon source and iron particles. The amount of additive was 51/m molasses and 5kg/m iron particles. Thus for the treatment of the whole 2,000m site, there was a requirement for lOm molasses and lOt iron. The addition of molasses and a subsequent mechanical tillage to a... 

Rogers JE, Li SW, Felice LJ. 1984. Microbiological transformation kinetics of xenobiotics in aquatic environment. Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs, Richland, WA, 105. NTIS PB84-162866. EPA 600/3-84-043. 

Cleij, M., Archelas, A., Furstoss, R. Microbiological Transformations 43. Epoxide Hydrolases as Tools for the Synthesis of Enantiopure Methylstyrene Oxides A New and Efficient Synthesis of (S)-Ibuprofen, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 5029-5035. 

Is a Proposed Microbiological Transformation Thermodynamically Feasible Problem... 

Haggblom, M. M. Valo, R.J. (1995). Bioremediation of chlorophenol wastes. In Microbiological Transformation of Toxic Organic Chemicals, ed. L. Y. Young C. Cerniglia, pp. 389—434. Wiley-Liss. 

Taxol is derived from GGPP via cyclization reactions, employing the same mechanistic principles as in mono- and sesquiterpenes. Baccatin III (2), another taxane derivative, has been found (up to 0.2%) in the bark. A number of other taxane derivatives were isolated and characterized as 10 - deacetyltaxol, 10 - deacetylbaccatin III (3), cephalomannine (4) and 10 - deacetylcephalomannine (5) while some of them have been microbiologically transformed into taxol, Fig. (6). 

The introduction of chemicals into the environment is considerable. Large amounts of organic compounds are released into the environment every year by industrial and agricultural processes, traffic, urban waste disposal and ecological disasters. Once present in the environment, they are subjected on the one hand to transport processes in air, water and soil and, on the other hand, they are subjected to the influence of the reactor environment , i.e. transformation products may be formed by chemical, photochemical and microbiological transformation processes. Chemical reactions with other pollutants present in the environment can also take place. As a result of these processes, a variety of new and unexpected compounds can be formed from the originally released pollutants and, as a rule, they are more polar than the parent compounds. 

An advantage of the mediator model (Equation 9) is that it can be used to simplify the problem of describing contaminant reduction reactions if the mediator is characterized more easily than the bulk donor. In this case, the bulk donor is best neglected and the problem reduced to the mediator and contaminant half-reactions. The advantage is greatest when a complex microbiological transformation process can be reduced to a reaction with a well defined biogenic mediators, such as quinones (98, 99), porphyrins, or corronoids (100-102). 

Chemical and microbiological transformations of the pesticide while the experiment is being conducted could also cause nonsingularity in pesticide-soil sorption-desorption isotherms. Hamaker and Thompson (1972) theorized that a portion of a sorbed pesticide is more strongly held than... 

Sensitized photolysis mainly involves the photochemistry of dissolved organic matter (DOM), consisting of water-dissolved organic compounds that usually derive from the microbiological transformation of animal and plant spoils. A very important role is played in this context by humic and fulvic acids and in particular by their aromatic/quinonoid moieties, which mainly arise from the biodegradation of lignin and are considerably photoactive [8],... 

Microbiological transformation of laudanosine by the micro-organism Cunninghamella blakesleeana is accomplished by selective demethylation, to give i/f-codamine (19).29 Isoquinoline alkaloids that can be selectively halogenated can readily be converted into hydroxy-compounds by lithiation of the bromo-... 

The microbiological transformation of ellipticine by means of Aspergillus alliaceus has been investigated 85 the principal product is 10-hydro xyellipticine, which is the same as that observed in the metabolism of ellipticine in mammalian liver, but some 11-hydroxyellipticine is also obtained. 

Paedragosa-Moreau, S., Morisseau, C., Baratti, J., Zylber, J., Archelas, A., and Furstoss, R. 1997. Microbiological transformations. 37. An enantioconvergent synthesis of the (l-blocker (R)-Nifenalol using a combined chemoenzymic approach. Tetrahedron, 53(28), 9707-9714. 

The most abundant bicyclic terpene in nature, x-pinene (14), has been the substrate for several microbiological transformation studies334,335. Aspergillus niger NCIM612, a strain selected from a number of fungal strains isolated from infected bark, exhibits maximum transformation capacity in shake cultures, with deep-tank fermentations being less successful. Transformation products of importance from (-)-x-pinene are 4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-ol [( + )-rir-verbenol, 15, the major product], trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one [(+ )-verbenone, 16] and 5-hydroxy-a,x,4-trimcthyl-3-cyclohexene-l-methanol [(+)-trao.s-sobrerol, 17]33S-337. 

Phenazine-1,6-dicarboxylic acid (1) is a precursor for microbiological transformation to phenazine-6-carboxylic acid. " - Decarboxylation of phenazine-l,6-dicarboxylic acid (1) in refluxing diphenyl ether affords a mixture of phenazine (2 yield 33%) and phenazine-l-car-boxylic acid (3 yield 25% mp 242-243... 

Dihydroxykaurenolide, previously isolated as a microbiological transformation product of steviol, has been found as a metabolite of a strain of Fusarium monoliforme. The acyloin condensation of the keto-ester (76) under carefully-controlled conditions affords a means of reconstructing the tetracyclic kauranoid skeleton (77). The diol (77) was converted into steviol, which was accompanied by only small amounts of the isomeric beyerane diol. 

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