Microbial control

One of the reasons why it is important to remove suspended solids in water is that the particles can act as a source of food and housing for bacteria. Not only does this make microbiological control much harder but, high bacteria levels increase the fouling of distribution lines and especially heat transfer equipment that receive processed waters (for example, in one s household hot water heater). The removal of suspended contaminants enables chemical treatments to be at their primary jobs of scale and corrosion prevention and microbial control. 

Removal of dissolved materials. If operated at ambient temperatures, regenerate mixed bed at least once a week for microbial control. Use 4.5-10 pm absolute filters after mixing bed to stop resins and particulates from entering distribution system. 

Note 1 Older systems may have cation/anion deionizers in place of softeners/reverse osmosis. Note 2 Older systems may use chlorination for microbial control. 

M. J. Mclnemey, A. D. Montgomery, and K. L. Sublette. Microbial control of the production of sulfide. In E. C. Donaldson, editor. Microbial enhancement of oil recovery recent advances Proceedings of the 1990 International Conference on Microbial Enhancement of Oil Recovery, volume 31 of Developments in Petroleum Science, pages 441-449. Elsevier Science Ltd, 1991. 

Posttreatment of the permeate for potable water use can include dissolved CO2 removal to prevent corrosion (by aeration, lime treatment), chlorination for microbial control, and oxygenation to improve taste. 

Martin J-M, Nijampurkar V, Salvadori F (1978b) Uranium and thorium isotope behavior in estuarine systems. In Biogeochemistiy of Estuarine Sediments. Goldberg ED (ed) UNESCO, Paris p 111-127 McKee BA, Todd JF (1993) Uranium behavior in a permanently anoxic Qord microbial control Limnol Oceanogr 38 408-414... 

Some of the preferred tools used in natural microbial control programs are given in Table 8. The goal in nature is always to maintain control of a system, to avoid letting it foul until cleanup is the last resort. In nature, maintenance of a clean system is the only real hope for survival. Clean rarely, if ever, means sterile. The natural systems discussed in this paper, for example, are always comprised of vast microbial flora in close proximity to or actually a part of the protected portion of the system in which microbial fouling problems are actively managed by the animal or plant. 

Table 8 Natural microbial control remedies, a few examples, and a few industrial copies. ...

Natural Microbial Control Remedy A Few Examples Industrial Copy... 

Koseky S and Isobe S. 2007. Microbial control of fresh produce using electrolyzed water. JARQ 41(4) 273—282. 

Hussaini SS. (2001) Scope of entomopathogenic nematodes against crop pests. In Rabindra RJ, Kennedy JS, Sathiah N, Rajasekaran B, Srinivasan MR (eds) Microbial control of crop pests. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 180-221. 

Burges, H.D. 1981. Safety, safety testing and quality control ofmicrobial pesticides. In Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Disease 1970-1980 (H.D. Burges, ed.), pp. Til-161. Academic Press, London. 

Microbial cellulases, 70 302 Microbial control regulations, for drinking water, 77 804... 

Dong LQ, Zhang KQ, Microbial control of plant-parasitic nematodes A five-party interaction, Plant Soil 288 31 5, 2006. 

Koseki, S. and Isobe, S. (2006). Effect of ozonated water treatment on microbial control and on browning of iceberg lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.).. Food Prot. 69,154-160. 

Comerton A.M., R.C. Andrews, and D.M. Bagley (2(X)5). Evaluation of an MBR-RO system to produce high quahty reuse water Microbial control, DBP formation and nitrate. Water Research 39 3982-3990. 

Microbial control in water systems should be achieved primarily through sanitization practices. Systems should be sanitized using either thermal or chemical means. In-line ultraviolet light at a wavelength of 254 mm can also be used to sanitize water in the system continuously. 

The ICH Q7A guidance for GMPs for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) [6] illustrates GMP expectations for microbial control during API production. The ICH... 

Sanitizing is best accomplished through several methods. After periods of low water usage, the system should be flushed with a supply of water that has residual chlorine. Periodic hyperchlorination and microbial control are also recommended. Microbial control can be achieved by storing the water at 80 °C. Alternatively, ultraviolet radiation can be applied. 

Prince, R. C. (1992). Bioremediation of oil spills, with particular reference to the spill from the Exxon Valdez. In Microbial Control of Pollution, ed. J. C. Fry, G. M. Gadd, R. A. Herbert, C. W. Jones I. A. Watson-Craik, pp. 5-34. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. 

Inorganics Microbial control Microbial limit Particulate matter Endotoxin... 

All stills and tanks holding liquid requiring microbial control shall have air vents with non-fiber-releasing sterilizable filters capable of preventing microbial contamination of the contents. Such filters shall be designed and installed so that they do not become wet. Filters shall be sterilized and installed aseptic-ally. Tanks for holding water require air vents with filters [7,10]. 

The objective of the microbial monitoring program is to obtain representative estimates of the bioburden of the environment. When data are compiled and analyzed, any trends should be evaluated by trained personnel. While it is important to review environmental results on the basis of recommended and specified frequency, it is also critical to review results over extended periods to determine whether or not trends are present. Trends can be visualized through the construction of statistical control charts that include alert and action levels. The microbial control of controlled environments can be assessed in part on the basis of these trend data. Periodic reports or summaries should be issued to alert the responsible manager [13]. 

Azam, F. 1998. Microbial control of oceanic carbon flux The plot thickens. Science 280 694-696. 

TeBeest, D.O. Microbial Control of Weeds. Chapman and Hall New York, 1991. 

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