Measuring tenderness

Much of the texture work with fruits and vegetables has been done with the Kramer shear press. The shear press was developed because of the tenderometer s limitations and has been widely used for measuring tender-... 

Tray efficiency 0 j is supposed to represent a measure of the deviation from equilibrium-stage mass transfer assuming backmixed trays. However, the estimate of tray efficiency requires accurate knowledge of the equihbrium vaporization constant. Any deviations between the actual equihbrium relation and that predicted by the database will be embodied in the tray efficiency estimate. It is a tender trap to accept tray efficiency as a true measure of the mass transfer hmitations when, in fact, it embodies the uncertainties in the database as well. 

To be effective, this method must be carried out on samples which have been blanched, and upon peas from which the skins have been removed. The heat applied in blanching drives off gases entrapped in the tissues, and removal of the skins is required to remove air that may be entrapped under them, although it materially slows up the operation and makes it very tedious. In order that there may be consistency in grading, the test must be conducted under closely standardized conditions of temperature and solution concentration. This becomes of considerable importance in borderline cases, and failure to take it into consideration no doubt accounts for some of the inconsistency in results experienced by the industry. The test is not a true measure of tenderness, in that it accounts for variation in skin texture only in so far as maturity affects skin texture. Skin texture is affected by factors other than maturity (4). Other methods for the estimation of maturity based upon density or specific gravity have been suggested by Jodidi (16) and by Lee (22). 

In particular it can be shown that the dynamic flocculation model of stress softening and hysteresis fulfils a plausibility criterion, important, e.g., for finite element (FE) apphcations. Accordingly, any deformation mode can be predicted based solely on uniaxial stress-strain measurements, which can be carried out relatively easily. From the simulations of stress-strain cycles at medium and large strain it can be concluded that the model of cluster breakdown and reaggregation for prestrained samples represents a fundamental micromechanical basis for the description of nonlinear viscoelasticity of filler-reinforced rubbers. Thereby, the mechanisms of energy storage and dissipation are traced back to the elastic response of tender but fragile filler clusters [24]. 

Before starting treatment for RA, assess the subjective and objective evidence of disease. For joint findings, this includes the number of tender and swollen joints, pain, limitations on use, duration of morning stiffness, and presence of joint erosions. Systemic findings may include fatigue and the presence of extraarticular manifestations. Obtain laboratory measurements of CRP and ESR. The impact of the disease on quality of life and functional status is also important. 

Slaughter performance (important for butcher) slaughter yield, balanced carcass weight, composition of carcass Meat quality (important for consumer) measurable or sensory meat quality criteria (appearance, colour, tenderness, juiciness, flavour, roast and boil capacity, biochemical values (e.g. pH-value)), and nutritional value... 

The FSA undertakes surveillance exercises, the data for which are acquired from analytical determinations. The Agency will take measures to ensure that the analytical data produced by contractors are sufficient with respect to analytical quality, i.e. that the results obtained meet predetermined analytical quality requirements such as fitness-for-purpose, accuracy and reliability. Thus when inviting tenders FSA will ask potential contractors to provide information regarding the performance requirements of the methods to be used in the exercise, e.g. limit of detection, accuracy, precision etc., and the quality assurance measures used in their laboratories. When presenting tenders, laboratories should confirm how they comply with these specifications and give the principles of the methods to be used. These requirements extend both to the laboratory as a whole and to the specific analytical determinations being required in the surveillance exercise. The requirements are described in three parts, namely ... 

Hepatic Effects. An increase in serum iron, which may reflect an adverse liver effect, was observed in workers exposed for 6 months to phenol in a wood treatment liquid (Baj et al. 1994). Elevated concentrations of hepatic enzymes in serum, and an enlarged and tender liver suggestive of liver injury, were reported in an individual who had been exposed repeatedly to phenol vapor for 13.5 years (Merliss 1972). Since phenol was also spilled on his clothes resulting in skin irritation, dermal and inhalation exposures were involved. A 2-fold increase in serum bilirubin was observed in a man who was accidentally splashed with a phenol solution over his face, chest wall, hand, and both arms (Horch et al. 1994). Changes in liver enzymes were not observed in persons exposed to phenol in drinking water for several weeks after an accidental spill (Baker et al. 1978). This study is not conclusive because the measurements were completed 7 months after the exposure. 

Simvastatin is a statin. Patients taking statins must be advised to immediately report any unexplained muscle pain, tenderness and weakness and to take the dose preferably at night. Patients must also be advised to follow dietary measures, namely ovoid fatty foods and maintain a high-fibre diet. 

The relation of a boy to his father is, as we say, an ambivalent one. In addition to the hate which seeks to get rid of the father as a rival, a measure of tenderness for him is also habitually present. The two attitudes of mind combine to produce identification with the father the boy wants to be in his father s place because he admires him and wants to be like him, and also because he wants to put him out of the way.. .. At a certain moment the child comes to understand that an attempt to remove his father as a rival would be punished by him with castration. (183)... 

Patient reported outcomes (disability index, patient global assessment), physician assessments (tender/painful/swollen joints, physician s global assessment), objective measures (ESR, CRP) neutrophil counts baseline, q3mo, then quarterly qyr... 

The safety and efficacy of Remicade when given in conjunction with methotrexate (MTX) were assessed in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 428 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite treatment with MTX. All patients were to have received MTX for >6 months and be on a stable dose >12.5mg/week for 4 weeks prior to study. All Remicade and placebo groups continued their stable dose of MTX and folic acid. In addition to MTX, patients received placebo or Remicade by intravenous infusion at weeks 0, 2, and 6 followed by additional infusions every 4 or 8 weeks thereafter. The primary end point was the proportion of patients at week 30 who attained an improvement in signs and symptoms as measured by the American College of Rheumatology criteria (ACR 20). An ACR 20 response is defined as at least a 20% improvement in both tender and swollen joint counts and in 3 of 5 clinical criteria. At week 30, 43/86 (50%) of patients treated every 8 weeks with 3 mg/kg of Remicade plus MTX attained an ACR 20 compared with 18/88 (20%) of patients treated with placebo plus MTX ip < 0.001). 

Creatine kinase activity should be measured in patients receiving potentially interacting drug combinations. In all patients, CK should be measured at baseline. If muscle pain, tenderness, or weakness appears, CK should be measured immediately and the drug discontinued if activity is elevated significantly over baseline. The myopathy usually reverses promptly upon cessation of therapy. If the association is unclear, the patient can be rechallenged under close surveillance. Myopathy in the absence of elevated CK has been reported. Rarely, hypersensitivity syndromes have been reported that include a lupus-like disorder and peripheral neuropathy. 

Stanley (1976) found that, for a Warner-Bratzler shear cell, the firmness of a meat product may be reflected by measurements in compression, whereas tenderness may be reflected by the tensile strength of the meat. He further indicated that firmness and tenderness may or may not be dependent on each other. For this reason, results from such tests may be difficult to interpret. 

Volodkevich, N.N. (1938). Apparatus for measurement of chewing resistance or tenderness of foodstuffs. Food Research 16, 73-82. 

Voisey, P.W. and Larmond, E. (1977). The effect of deformation rate on the relationship between sensory and instrumental measurements of meat tenderness by the Warner- Bratzler method. Canad. Inst. Food Sci. Technol. 10, 307-312. 

A 2-year-old boy developed a non-tender, hypopigmen-ted, atrophic patch measuring about 2 x 6 cm on his right buttock. He had been well until 5 months before, when he had received an injection of penicillin into the right buttock. 

The princess swept forward, enfolding Aphrodite in her arms like a long lost daughter. Aphrodite returned her embrace, double measures for each measure, and the princess kissed her energetically, again and again. The tension melted out of Aphrodite and streamed down her cheeks to be tenderly swabbed away by the caress of the woman s lips. 

A variety of other words and expressions are used to describe textural characteristics, such as body, crisp, greasy, brittle, tender, juicy, mealy, flaky, crunchy, and so forth. Many of these terms have been discussed by Szczesniak (1963) and Sherman (1969) most have no objective physical meaning and cannot be expressed in units of measurement that are universally applicable. Kokini (1985) has attempted to relate some of these ill-defined terms to the physical properties involved in their evaluation. Through the... 

Meat tenderness has been measured with the shear press. This can be done with the 10-blade universal cell or with the single-... 

A pressure method for measuring meat tenderness has been described by Sperring et al. (1959). A sample of raw meat is contained in a cylinder that has a small hole in its bottom. A hydraulic press forces a plunger into the cylinder, and the pressure required to squeeze the meat through the hole is taken as a measure of tenderness. 

A portable rotating knife tenderometer has been described by Bjorksten et al. (1967). A rotating blunt knife is forced into the meat sample, and a tracing of the area traversed by a recording pen is used as a measure of tenderness. 

A meat grinder technique for measuring meat tenderness was reported by Miyada and Tappel (1956) in this method, power consumption of the meat grinder motor was used as a measure of meat tenderness. The electronic recording food grinder described by Voisey and deMan (1970) measures the torque exerted on a strain gage transducer. This apparatus has been used successfully for measuring meat tenderness. 

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