Material selection data sources

This book is designed as a handy desk reference covering fundamental engineering principles of project planning schemes and layout, corrosion principles and materials properties of engineering importance. It is intended as a general source of typical materials property data, useful for first pass materials selection in process design problems. 

The Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is a detailed information bulletin prepared by the manufacturer or importer of a chemical tliat describes tlie physical and healtli hazards, routes of exposure, precautions for safe handling and use, emergency and first-aid procedures, and control measures. Infonnation on an MSDS aids in tlie selection of safe products and helps prepare employers and employees to respond effectively to daily exposure situations as well as to emergency situations. It is also a source of information for identifying chemical hazards. 

Rapra have published their own chemical resistance data sheets [9, 10], based on results of tests at Rapra performed by a small team of operators. They are thus comparable one with another and their sources are known. Rapra s Plascams materials selection database provides durability properties on a ranking basis and their Plastics Design Guide includes Plascams and other useful programmes. In 2002 Rapra and Faraday Plastics have launched a new website of environmental stress cracking data (www.esc-plastics.com). 

Terpene chemists use trivial names for most of the compounds because the systematic names are much more complex. Common or trivial names, CAS Registry Numbers, and properties of selected terpenes and terpenoids are listed in Tables 2 and 3. Compounds that exhibit chirality also have other Registry Numbers for specific optical isomers. For commercial products, a material safety data sheet (MSDS), which is required by OSHA, frequendy lists multiple names such as a product name, trivial name, IUPAC name and the TSCA name. The MSDS is a good source of information about physical properties, potential health hazards, and other useful information for the safe handling of the materials. When the product is a mixture, the components and their amounts are usually listed along with their Registry Numbers. 

Source Selected data from Appendix Table A.1. Physical Properties of Metallic Elements, in E. Rabinowicz, Friction and Wear of Materials, John Wiley, New York, 1964, p. 235. 

FIGURE 8.10 (a) Lower explosive limits for selected organic solvents, (b) Upper explosive limits for selected organic solvents. (Note Data derived from explosive limit information documented in Material Safety Data Sheets and other sources and other sources.)... 

Selecting the correct combination of antioxidants is specific to the elastomer polymer type as well as the compound formulation and the end use application. It is important to note that many of these materials may be considered toxic or hazardous in nature. Chemical specific Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) should be consulted for safe handling practices. Particular attention should be given to the proper selection and use of personal protective equipment, including proper ventilation and/or the use of respiratory protection. The MSDS will also provide information on how to handle spills and proper disposal procedures. Disposal methods should not be overlooked since these chemicals are all regulated, and hence waste disposal must conform to EPA and local disposal regulations. Refer to Rubber Oxidation. (Source Handbook of Polymer Science and Technology Volume 2 - Performance Properties of Plastics and Elastomers, N. P. Cheremisinoff - editor, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1989). 

Access to rehable and, most importantly, comparable property data is essential in material selection for any apphcation, without which any attempt to compare properties among similar resins from different suppliers or from different sources, is apt to become an exercise in futility. This is primarily due to the fact that search for the most likely candidates invariably involves screening among available grades in the market on the basis of the properties that are related to the end-use performance requirements of the application. 

Standards and recommended practices covering different aspects of corrosion have been developed by a number of professional organizations as ASTM, NACE International, ISO and many national bodies. Useful information on the corrosion resistance of materials for a given application can often be obtained from suppliers and from the scientific and technical literature. A number of tables and databases published in the open htcrature [1- 4] present the intrinsic corrosion resistance of materials in different environments. We must keep in mind, however, that such data are not sufficient, because they do not include electrochemical interactions that can lead to localized corrosion or effects due to stress or wear. Engineers confronted with materials selection therefore need to have a basic understanding of corrosion mechanisms. Experience gained with similar equipment or installations is also a useful source of information to avoid corrosion problems. As a last resort, one may turn to laboratory testing. 

Source Selected data from Shackelford, J.E, Alexander, W., and Park, J.S., ed. 1994. CRC Materials Science and Engineering Handbook 2nd ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 

There are a considerable number of sources of material testing data that have been accumulated over the years and are available to process plant designers to assess the most suitable materials selection for a particular plant and operating conditions. However, many of the factors involved in the selection of an optimum choice are subject to variability, and this makes the selection process more complex. 

In this appendix, I list sources of information of value to gamma spectrometrists. While it is very convenient to have nuclear data available in book form on one s desk, it has to be admitted that the high cost of printed material increases the attraction of free information via the Internet. As in the earlier parts of the book, I quote below many internet sources of information. I believe these to be of good quality at this time, but it is up to the user to make sure that the information has not fallen out-of-date. The nuclear-data sources I have selected should remain updated but I am in no position to guarantee that, or to comment on the frequency of updates. 

PLASPEC (Plaspec [PT], New York, NY). Complete, accurate up-to-date initial material selection available from all supplies through one source. Over 600 searchable characteristics listed, including special features of plastic materials, property data, cost. 

DIPPR Project 882 is organized to develop, maintain and make available to its sponsors a computer databank of selected and evaluated physical, thamodynamic and transport properties for binary mixtures. The properties include viscosity, thermal conductivity, mutual-diffusion coefficient, excess volume and density, surface tension, critical temperature, pressure and density and the solubility of sparingly soluble materials. The data from the original literature have been compiled in their original units. Computer routines have been developed to provide the data in SI units for final dissemination. Assessments of the imprecisions and inaccuracies for each of the variables (temperature, pressure, composition and property) are made, and the results have been screened and adjusted, where applicable, to be consistent with the pure component data calculated from a variety of reliable sources. The data may be drawn from electronic database as tables and plots of the experimental data in the original or SI units. 

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