Material Data Sources

Sources for material data may be classified into three groups  

The writer would suggest that the use of all three in combination would be 

No textbook can provide data on all the materials available, nor can it ever be completely up to date. It can, however, provide a useful background, helping the user to understand material behaviour. It can guide the reader between different classes of materials and it can point out deficiencies in materials. 

Trade literature can provide a wealth of information. Users should, however, bear in mind that suppliers will naturally wish to emphasise data in the best possible light. For example, if the Izod impact strength increases sharply with decrease in sample thickness, then results may be quoted for thinner section test pieces. Whilst the facts may be stated, the underlying significance may not be fully appreciated by the casual reader. 

Much trade literature is of a high standard, particularly that of suppliers of the so-called engineering polymers . In many cases these manufacturers supply a range of such polymer types and they provide much useful comparative material. This may be in the form of descriptive material and tables of numerical data. Suitable choice of graphs and other diagrams can often give the reader a more immediately absorbed visual comparison. 

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H. Wawrousek, J. H. Westbrook, and W. Grattidge, Data Sources ofiMechanical and Physical Properties ofi Engineering Materials, PhysikDaten No. 30-1, Fachinformationszentmm-Karlsmhe, Germany, 1989. 

Various data sources (44) on plasma parameters can be used to calculate conditions for plasma excitation and resulting properties for microwave coupling. Interactions ia a d-c magnetic field are more compHcated and offer a rich array of means for microwave power transfer (45). The Hterature offers many data sources for dielectric or magnetic permittivities or permeabiHty of materials (30,31,46). Because these properties vary considerably with frequency and temperature, available experimental data are iasufficient to satisfy all proposed appHcations. In these cases, available theories can be appHed or the dielectric parameters can be determined experimentally (47). 

Wawrousek, H., Westbrook, J.H. and Graltidge, W. (1989) Data sources of mechanical and physical properties of materials, in Physik Daten, vol. 30(1) (Germany, Karlsruhe Fachinformationszentrum). 

Basic data collection procedures need to be comprehensive and formalized. They should address completion of the collection forms, the filing and distribution of these forms, and retention requirements of data source materials and other documents. 

Finally, we wish to express our especial thanks to our friends and colleagues who have so willingly helped us with data, sources of material and discussion... 

The five hard-copy data-sources listed below attempt in different ways to span the full spectrum of materials and properties. 

Retrieved Source of formula and raw material data for a non-recursive modelling procedure Formula characteristics Raw material characteristics ... 

The Material Technical Sheet provides a document to list data specific to the technology of a process chemical and the reference of the source of the data. Sources may include MSDS, vendor literature, standard reference handbooks, or design tests or experiments. 

CSB searched over 40 data sources for incidents that met its definition of a reactive incident (Section 2.1). The data search focused on recent incidents (since 1980) where the primary cause was related to chemical reactivity however, the 1980 cutoff is not intended to diminish the important lessons learned from prior incidents. The search covered both chemical manufacturing (i.e., raw material storage, chemical processing, and product storage) and other industrial activities involving bulk chemicals, such as... 

XRD was used to identify crystalline mineral phases in the samples. A Rigaku-Geigerflex goniometer was used (copper X-ray source, 45 kV, 35 mA, 1575 W). Samples were run in triplicate and a fourth run was conducted after tungsten was added to one of the replicates as an external standard. The data were evaluated for possible crystalline phases using the PC-based search and match program MICRO-ID (Materials Data Corp., Livermore, CA). 

MPDSEARCH The National Materials Property Data Network, Inc. the MPD Guide to Materials and Substances Data Sources provides information about the materials property databases available on STN International... 

Source E. R. Parker s Material Data Book, McGraw-Hill, 1967 and J. F. Shackelford and W. Alexander s CRC Materials Science and Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, 1992. 

Figure 7.4 82Kr/84Kr ratios in mantle-derived materials compared to air, SW, and Q. Data sources are the same as in Figure 7.2. Z Zurich (Wieler Baur, 1994) M Minnesota (Pepin et al., 1995).

The information contained in the Material Data Sheets has been compiled from data considered accurate. However, properties are known to vary depending on the source of raw materials, climatic and other variables applicable to materials of botanical origin. [Company Name] expressly disclaim any warranty expressed or implied as well as any liability for any injury or loss arising from the use of this information or the materials described. This data is not to be construed as absolutely complete since additional data may be desirable when particular conditions or circumstances exist. It is the responsibility of the user to determine the best precautions necessary for the safe handling and use of this product for their particular application. This data relates only to the specific material designated and not when used in combination with any other material. 

An estimate of the toxicity or intrinsic hazard is needed for each material identified in the inventory. Such information for many chemicals in the form of a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) are required by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard. (Other countries have similar requirements.) Standard hazard-data sources may need to be consulted for those chemical compounds for which no MSDSs are presently available. Adequate hazard data may be lacking for various mixtures that are unique to the plant. For such mixtures, it may be necessary to analyze the contents and then estimate the overall hazard based on the individual components. 

There has been increased effort in recent years to pin down carbon sources in existing machines i.e., to understand and (possibly) influence material transport toward the divertor and, most important, to elucidate the transport mechanisms of carbon inside the divertor and from the divertor volume towards remote areas or gaps. However, there are still large uncertainties, and further work is needed. Material data uncertainties with carbon include the possible flux dependence, if any, of carbon chemical sputtering, very low energy but non-thermal ( 1-3 eV) hydrocarbon reflection coefficients, and overall properties of redeposited materials [33]. The tools to compare results between different devices are not clearly established and the underlying physics of the transport of the eroded carbon in the SOL by flows and drifts... 

The EPA-OHM-TADS (Oil and Hazardous Materials Technical Assistance Data System) is an on-line computerized system containing 126 parameters for over 1,000 chemicals, and includes recommendations for emergency control, amelioration, clean-up and disposal. It is also a useful data source for nonemergency use. (9)... 

The self-absorption values are very dependent on both the p-ray energy and source conditions, and are in the range from 1% to several tens %. In order to get reliable data with this technique, minimizing the foil- and self-absorptions is essential. The source preparation techniques are therefore of great importance. As materials for source support, a VYNS film (copolymer of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate), whose thickness... 

Many of the materials we talk about and use every day are not pure compounds, but nevertheless you can obtain information about the properties of such materials. Data on materials such as coal, coke, petroleum products, and natural gas—which are the main sources of energy in this country—are available in reference books and handbooks. Some typical examples of analyses are shown in Tables 1.6 to 1.9. In the back of this book you will discover a number of appendices from which you can retrieve data necessary to solve most (but not all) of the problems at the end of the chapters. Scan through the appendices now. When you need to look... 

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