Acceptance standards

After many decades of application, industry has completely accepted standard NDT as an inevitable but invaluable part of production and maintenance of components. Its application has been well-regulated, acceptance criteria for weld defects exist, good schemes for personnel qualification are in place and equipment has evolved to a standard of nearperfection. NDT has become a commodity. Pioneering years are over. 

As with all tests, frequent caUbration of the test equipment using standard hardness blocks is a prerequisite for rehable hardness testing (see ASTM E18). Standard hardness blocks are available through commercial sources in the United States but do not have traceabiUty to internationally accepted standards as in Europe. 

Both the inherent properties and those that can be engineered into the fiber and ultimately into the fabricated article account for the diverse end uses of nylon. Eor every end use, the fiber must offer performance and/or a perceived market value, meet mill acceptance standards, and have favorable economics. 

Calibration. Cahbration of lab instmments is important to the accuracy of test results. CaUbration, the use of an accepted standard to adjust an instmment or measurement standard so as to improve the accuracy of the instmment or measurement, is an essential requirement of both the U.S. Food and Dmg Administration (FDA) Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) (24) and the ISO 9000 standards (25). 

An entirely different type of contamination arises from the presence of microbiota in a product. As in the case of chemical contamination, compendial requirements for microbiological purity exists. Pharmacopoeial standards vary from country to country, and manufacturers must use the specifications and kill times that meet local requirements. As of this writing, the criteria in the British Pharmacopoeia are more stringent than those estabUshed by the CTFA, which are stricter than those in the United States Pharmacopoeia. In order to meet commonly accepted standards of microbial purity, manufacturing faciUties must be periodically cleaned and all products that can support microbial growth must contain an effective preservative (6). 

Accuracy Accuracy refers to the difference between the measured value and the true value of the measured variable. Unfortunately, the true value is never known, so in practice accuracy refers to the difference between the measured value and an accepted standard value for the measured variable. 

Appendix 6 contains requirements of experimental stress analysis. Appendix 8 has acceptance standards for radiographic examination. Appendix 9 covers nondestructive examination. Appendix 10 gives rules for capacity conversions for safety valves, and Appendix 18 details quahty-control-system requirements. 

There are obvious benefits to be derived from consensus standards which define the chemistry and properties of specific materials. Such standards allow designers and users of materi s to work with confidence that the materials supplied will have the expected minimum properties. Designers and users can also be confident that comparable materials can be purchased from several suppliers. Producers are confident that materials produced to an accepted standard will find a ready market and therefore can be produced efficiently in large factories. 

The chief executive should formally document the organization s quality policy. This policy should include the relative priority assigned to continuous quality improvement, the acceptable standard for quality, and the system to achieve that standard. 

Until a few years ago, there was no widely accepted standard for a voltage endurance test of the rotating machines. Different agencies had adopted different practices on different assumptions, pending a final decision by the lEC working committee TC-2 of lEC 60034-15. The committee submitted its report in 1988 and the following test data, which are now universally adopted, are based on this report. 

A major issue with NGV cylinders has been the lack of a world-wide standard for their manufacture, inspection and testing. Some national standards, such as the New Zealand standard NZS 5454 and the US ANSI/AGA/NGV2 standards have been adopted by other countries. Currently, ISO are working to produce an internationally accepted standard for NGV cylinders. 

Table 7. Water contaminants that can be reduced to acceptable standards by activated carbon filtration. Source Water Quality Association, 1989)...

In order to verify that the products or services meet the specified requirements you will need to carry out tests, inspections, assessments, etc. and these need to be performed against unambiguous standards of acceptability. You need to establish for each requirement that there are adequate criteria forjudging compliance. You need to establish how reliable is reliable , how safe is safe , how clean is clean , how good is good quality . Specifications often contain subjective statements such as good commercial quality, smooth finish, etc., and require further clarification in order that an acceptable standard can be attained. The secret is to read the statement then ask yourself if you can verify it. If not, select a standard that is attainable, unambiguous, and acceptable to both customer and supplier. 

A nonconformity exists only when product has been inspected against an acceptance standard and found not to comply. Prior to this the product is either serviceable or unserviceable. Unserviceable products are not necessarily nonconforming - they may simply lack lubrication or calibration. A piece of test equipment, the calibration date of which has expired, is not nonconforming - it is merely unserviceable. When checked against a standard it may be found to be out of calibration and it is then nonconforming, but it could be found to be within the specified calibration limits. 

Action planned or taken to stop something from recurring. Acceptance standards based on qualitative measures of performance. 

Flame arresters should only be used for groups of gases and vapors for which they have been certified by testing. Testing should be done according to an accepted standard. 

The primary value of proper and consistent data encoding is that it preserves the quality of input data. In addition, the use of accepted standard encoding schemes provides data that can be compared and combined with generic data. 

This risk is high relative to the widely accepted standard range of environmental risk of I x lO to 1 x 10 . ... 

In table 2 and 3 we present our results for the elastic constants and bulk moduli of the above metals and compare with experiment and first-principles calculations. The elastic constants are calculated by imposing an external strain on the crystal, relaxing any internal parameters (case of hep crystals) to obtain the energy as a function of the strain[8]. These calculations are also an output of onr TB approach, and especially for the hep materials, they would be very costly to be performed from first-principles. For the cubic materials the elastic constants are consistent with the LAPW values and are to within 1.5% of experiment. This is the accepted standard of comparison between first-principles calculations and experiment. An exception is Sr which has a very soft lattice and the accurate determination of elastic constants is problematic. For the hep materials our results are less accurate and specifically in Zr the is seriously underestimated. ... 

Is the plant and equipment designed, installed and operated to the accepted standards ... 

The use of access equipment should meet the acceptable standards as laid down in the Construction (Working Places) Regulations 1966. 

The effects of corrosion on other properties need similar direct assessment in many cases. However, in the absence of accepted standard tests the BS, DIN, ISO tests for laboratory glassware are often used. At the present time, the British Standard BS 3473 Methods of testing and classification of the chemical resistance of glass used in the production of laboratory glassware is being re-issued in six parts, of which the first five parts are identical to recently revised ISO test procedures. There are also corresponding DIN tests in some cases which are very similar. The current situation is ... 

In the course of pharmacological experiments, a frequent question is Does the experimental system return expected (standard) values for drugs With the obvious caveat that standard values are only a sample of the population that have been repeatedly attained under a variety of circumstances (different systems, different laboratories, different investigators), there is a useful statistical test that can provide a value of probability that a set of values agree or do not agree with an accepted standard value. Assume that four replicate estimates of an antagonist affinity are made (pKb values) to yield a mean value (see Table 11.14). A value of t can be calculated that can give the estimate probability that the mean value differs from a known value with the formula... 

G.24 The concentration of toxic chemicals in the environment is often measured in parts per million (ppm) or even parts per billion (ppb). A solution in which the concentration of the solute is. 1 ppb by mass has. 3 g of the solute for every billion grams (1000 t) of the solution. The World Health Organization has set the acceptable standard for lead in drinking water at... 

The regulations also address the need to ensure that drug information provided by pharmaceutical firms is truthful, balanced, and accurately communicated. As such, it must be consistent with the indications for use and the established performance and limitations. In Europe, the directives do not impose a specific requirement to review advertising or promotional material before it is released. Acceptable standards may be achieved via voluntary codes of practice and self-regulation. However, national authorities must monitor such material and should have the power to act where the need arises. In the U S, the F DA must vet advertising and promotional material before it is released. 

Difference with respect to value calculated from accepted standard potential and activity coefficient is attributed to liquid junction potential. 

Verifying that materials/skills have been learned and can be applied to an acceptable standard. 

Procedures for determining the spectral responslvlty or correction factors In equation 2 are based on radiance or Irradlance standards, calibrated source-monochromator combinations, and an accepted standard. The easiest measurement procedure for determining corrected emission spectra Is to use a well-characterized standard and obtain an Instrumental response function, as described by equation 3 (17). In this case, quinine sulfate dlhydrate has been extensively studied and Issued as a National Bureau of Standards (NBS) Standard Reference Material (SRM). 

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