Stationary market values

Carbon emissions from large stationary sources are more readily controlled than those from smaller, dispersed units. In Europe, the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) that aims to limit carbon emissions from these point sources was implemented on 1 January 2005. Individual plants are issued with permits which specify the level of carbon that each may emit annually. Companies with surplus permits may sell these to others who wish to exceed their respective allowances. At first, the scheme did not work well because the initial allocations were generous and the market price of permits was too low to be effective in curtailing emissions. In the next phase of the programme, permits could be restricted and their market value would then rise. As these regulations begin to bite and companies have to purchase additional permits on the open market at realistic prices, it may become financially attractive - if not actually required by law - to fit carbon-capture equipment to their exhaust stacks. 

Several high-value niche markets drove early fuel cell technology development. These were the use of fuel cells for on-board electric power in space vehicles and to demonstrate that fuel cells are an efficient, environmentally-friendly technology for stationary on-site commercial power. 

By far the largest sector of the battery industry worldwide is based on the lead-acid aqueous cell whose dominance is due to a combination of low cost, versatility and the excellent reversibility of the electrochemical system, Lead-acid cells have extensive use both as portable power sources for vehicle service and traction, and in stationary applications ranging from small emergency supplies to load levelling systems. In terms of sales, the lead-acid battery occupies over 50% of the entire primary and secondary market, with an estimated value of 100 billion per annum before retail mark-up. 

One hundred and twenty samples can be processed per hour a stationary value is obtained within 60 s. Only 5-20 pL of blood are required for a double determination. The glucose oxidase membrane used is stable for at least 2000 measurements. A modified variant of this instrument, the ESAT 6660, is marketed by Eppendorf (FRO). 

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