Yard waste

The manufacturing cost consists of direct, indirect, distribution, and fixed costs. Direct costs are raw materials, operating labor, production supervision, utihties, suppHes, repair, and maintenance. Typical indirect costs include payroll overhead, quaHty control, storage, royalties, and plant overhead, eg, safety, protection, personnel, services, yard, waste, environmental control, and other plant categories. However, environmental control costs are frequendy set up as a separate account and calculated direcdy. The principal distribution costs are packaging and shipping. Fixed costs, which are insensitive to production level, include depreciation, property taxes, rents, insurance, and, in some cases, interest expense. 

In contrast, composting processes utilize a mixture of solids and yard waste under controlled environmental conditions to produce a disinfected, humus-like product. Three common composting systems are a horizontal agitated reactor, a horizontal nonagitated reactor, and an aerated static pile system (nonproprietary). Compost can be marketed as a soil conditioner in competition with such products as peat, soil, and mulch. Although a large potential market exists, significant effort is required to penetrate this market. Yard waste revenue of 6.50/m (S5/yd ) and product revenue of 2.00/m ( 1.50/yd ) appear to be reasonable market values based on various studies reported on the Web. 

McSorley R, Gallaher RN (1996) Effect of yard waste compost on nematode densities and maize yield. J Nematol 28 655-660... 

Denmark Organic household waste compost with no classification up to now. No quality criteria for green/yard waste compost necessary. 

Hortenstine CG, Rothwell DF (1973) Pelletized municipal refuse compost as a soil amendment and nutrient source of sorghum. J Environ Qual 2 343-345 Hue NV, Ikawa H, Silva JA (1994) Increasing plant available phosphorus in an ultisol with a yard waste compost. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 25 3291-3303 Iyamuremye F, Dick RP, Baham J (1996) Organic amendments and phosphorus dynamics I. 

Yamanashi MAGLEV Test Line, 23 865 Yankee dryer, 18 122, 129 Yard wastes... 

Wood and wood waste includes residues from the forest and the mill. Bark, sawdust and other mill wastes are all suitable fuels. Agricultural residues include corncobs, sugar cane bagasse (the stalks after processing), leaves, and rice hulls. MSW materials include paper products, cloth, yard wastes, construction debris, and packaging materials. 

Raw yard waste and food waste were oxidized under the same conditions (except... 

Table 1. Wet Oxidation (WO) Conditions and Volatile Suspended Solid (VSS) Losses for Raw Yard Waste, Raw Food Waste, and Digested Biowaste (Conditions A-D)...

Remediline is one of the proprietary microbial blends produced by U.S. Microbics, Inc., for use in the Bio-Raptor system. In 1999, the vendor stated that Remediline sells for 3.00 per 60-g unit or 750 per drum of 250 units. Each unit can treat approximately 1 ton of manure or yard waste. Each ton of soil contaminated with hydrocarbons requires 2.5 units of a microbial blend to remediate the soil in a single pass through the Bio-Raptor system. The vendor estimates that a typical Bio-Raptor installation would use between 500,000 and 3,000,000 in microbial blends per year (D204637, pp. 27, 33 D204579, p. 9). 

The vendor estimates that treatment costs for a Bio-Raptor soil remediation would range from 15 to 100 per ton of treated soil compared with treatment costs of 100 to 400 per ton for other applicable technologies such as landfill disposal, mobile incineration, and stabilization. The vendor states that typical treatment costs using Bio-Raptor system are 3 per ton for the treatment of manure and 2.70 per ton to reduce odor, pathogens, and waste volume in yard waste (D204637, pp. 16, 28). 

Flowchart of yard waste biomass processing plant Biomass conversion leqrires a separate process to break down complex five-cait>on sugars. 

Fig. 8. Flow chart showing process for converting a cellulosic material (yard wastes i.e., grass clippings) to ethanol (from Hohmann and Rendleman)...

Malone, R.W., R.C. Warner, and M.E. Byers (1996). Runoff losses of surface-applied metribuzin as influenced by yard waste compost amendments, no-tillage, and conventional-tillage. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 57 536-543. 

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