Market value, definition

There is no generally accepted definition of bondholder value. It could be set equal to the market value of a company s debt. The market value of outstanding debt could be increased by issuing more bonds. This would adversely affect the market value of existing debt. Alternatively, bondholder value is based on the yield spread to government bonds the wider the spread, the higher the risk associated with the issuer. A spread widening due to the company s activities leads to a reduction of bondholder value. 

It will be apparent that it is possible for a company to generate a negative EVA. In other words, the cost of capital employed is greater than the profit after tax, The impact of a negative EVA, particularly if sustained over a period of time, is to erode shareholder value. Equally improvements in EVA will lead to an enhancement of shareholder value. If the net present value of expected future EVAs were to be calculated this would generate a measure of wealth known as market value added (MVA), which is a true measure of what the business is worth to its shareholders, A simple definition of MVA is ... 

Laboratory equipment is sometimes stolen. Most popular are smaller items of relatively high value, such as electronic balances. Permanent identification marks definitely discourage theft. One stolen microscope was quickly returned to its owner when it appeared on the used equipment market. It was easily identifiable because its owner had engraved marks not only on the body, but also on objectives and eye pieces. The thief, fortunately, had ignored them. 

The advent of NICE heralds a new era in which evidence about cost-effectiveness is formally required to help determine whether new interventions should be made available at public expense, ffowever, definitive yes/no decisions about market access have major implications for pharmaceutical companies. Economic information available at launch can only provide initial guidance about value for money. Further evidence on cost-effectiveness in real-world use will also be required. 

Using market research techniques for a new product as yet unknown to potential users is more apt to result in failure than success. End users, fabricators, and other purchasing influences generally respond objectively and frankly when questioned on the potential value of a new product. On a second interview, however, it would be difficult to obtain more definitive statements on precise potential by year for volume, price, package type, order points, and... 

Present collection costs are 1.5-2 times the delivered cost target— 35/ dt, including 20/acre or more net income for the farmer. Bulk collection is likely needed, because baling adds cost, 15/dt, and no value. One-pass harvest can lower the delivered feedstock cost to < 20/dt within a 15- to 20-mi radius. Prototypes for one-pass harvest of straw and stover are under development, adapting existing equipment. Many variations are possible, but until a better market definition is available, a new design is probably limited to paper studies. 

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