Costs attributable

The throwaway fuel cycle does not recover the energy values present ia the irradiated fuel. Instead, all of the long-Hved actinides are routed to the final waste repository along with the fission products. Whether or not this is a desirable alternative is determined largely by the scope of the evaluation study. For instance, when only the value of the recovered yellow cake and SWU equivalents are considered, the world market values for these commodities do not fully cover the cost of reprocessing (2). However, when costs attributable to the disposal of large quantities of actinides are considered, the classical fuel cycle has been the choice of virtually all countries except the United States. 

Yazdanpanah et al. (2002) calculated the resource use and cost for different stages of HIV infection in France based on a clinical database of HIV-infected patients between 1994 and 1998. The total costs attributable to bed-day and day-care inpatient care included the mean cost of each inpatient day times the length of stay, as well as total number of laboratory tests, dosage and quantity of medications, and total number of procedures. The total cost attributable to outpatient care included the mean physician and nurse fees per visit, as well as total number of laboratory tests and total number of procedures. In the absence of an AIDS-deflning event, the average total cost of care ranged from US 797 per person-month in the highest CD4 stratum to US 1,261 per person-month in the lowest CD4 stratum. 

In addition to their calculation of direct costs in the USA, Scitovsky and Rice (1987) also determined indirect costs attributable to the loss of productivity, resulting from morbidity and premature mortality in the US. The authors used the human capital approach. Indirect costs were estimated to rise from US 3.9 billion in 1985 to US 7.0 billion in 1986 and US 55.6 bilhon in 1991 (Table 5). 

FIGURE 4.21 Each line represents a decrease of cost attributed to purchasing, depreciating, and operating an LCnMS system at the utilization rate. The system is assumed to operate as an LQMS system at other times. 

OTA s estimated costs attributable to identification tagging as well as detection tagging are shown in Table 10... 

The amortized capital cost attributable to the low pressure furnace is estimated using the relation... 

It should be noted that the techno-economic analysis performed with HOMER software showed that the wind turbines installed on this island have been overdimensioned and this is the reason for the relatively high annualised cost attributed to wind energy for this system. On the other hand, this is a feature of Fair Isle s power system that most probably makes the introduction of hydrogen energy technologies economically viable. 

A cost-of-illness (COI) evaluation identifies and estimates the overall cost of a particular disease for a defined population. This evaluation method is often referred to as burden of illness and involves measuring the direct and indirect costs attributable to a specific disease. The costs of various diseases, including peptic ulcer disease, mental disorders, and cancer, in the United States have been estimated. 

In a real application, dating back to 1949, this paper concisely illustrates the theme of the symposium the use of availability (a) to calculate "work penalties" for the various irreversibilities in a process, and (b) to determine the total costs attributable to the irreversibilities and the use of these costs for "optimal" design. Another Important result is the determination of the minimum work for a process with unavoidable irreversibilities, such as those associated with the fractionating tower here. 

Assessing the impact of increased product liability on pharmaceutical firms is difficult. No data exist to measure R D and other business costs attributable to product liability. The little systematic research done to date on whether product liability affects the rate of pharmaceutical innovation has yielded inconclusive results. Evidence drawn from the experiences of particular products or from interviews with industry executives indicates liability may inhibit or preclude R D or marketing of reproductive-related vaccines and products. 

For the manufacturer, the total costs attributable to product liability include deductibles, any other losses not covered by insurance, any legal or administrative costs borne by the firm, and insurance policy premiums. 

Corrosion processes affect many areas of human activity in which metal products are used. In general, as levels of economic development increase, so do costs incurred as a result of corrosion. It is estimated that the costs attributable to the corrosion of metalfic materials amount to 4 percent of the gross domestic product of the developed coxmtries. And this cost, representing a loss of resources, would be even higher if methods of protection against corrosion were not so widely appfied. It is estimated that because of this protection, populations are able to reduce these potential losses by a factor of about 30 percent. 

This figure represents the decrease in annual refinery fuel costs attributable to heat recovery from the regenerator gas, given the above assumptions. It is a conservative figure since actual fuel costs at many refineries exceed 20 cents per million Btu. 

It has been estimated in the United States that the cost attributed to the emergence of ADRs is approximately 100 billion, a fact that further stresses for the improvement of drug delivery in clinical practice [15]. 

Full cost is obtained starting from the direct cost, to which the share of the common costs that can be attributed to the productive process considered (land maintenance and insurance charges, general and administration costs, welfare contributions, taxes, financial charges and rents) is added. In this specific case, it represents the overall amount of the costs attributed to the farm managed by an independent farmer. This is the most... 

Michael Aldrich and Tod Mikuriya, Savings in California Marijuana Law Enforcement Costs Attributable to the Moscone Act of 1976—A Summary, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 20, no. 1, January-March 1988, p. 81. 

The portion of maintenance and operating costs attributable to corrosion. 

Electrical Utilities There are seven generic types of electricitygenerating plants such as fossil fuel, nuclear hydroelectric, cogeneration, geothermal, solar, and wind. The major sources in use in the United States are fossil fuel and nuclear supply systems. The direct cost attributed to corrosion was 6.9 billion with the largest amount for nuclear power ( 4.2 billion), fossil fuel (1.9 billion), hydraulic power ( 0.15 billion), transmission, and distribution (0.6 billion). 

PVC pipes have many advantages over steel pipes such as light weight, ease of fabrication (no welding required), and ease of installation (no torch cutting required). Thus, the total amount of PVC pipe is not the direct cost of corrosion. The PVC industry is found to play a significant role in the context of corrosion resistance. The cost attributable to corrosion is approximately 500 million. 

Butler, Durbin, and Helvacian (1996) use this distinction between diffieult-to-monitor and easy-to-monitor injuries to explore whether soft-tissue injury elaims correlate with level of benefits and spread of HMOs. They find in their 10-year, 15-state sample of workers compensation claims that the proportion of claims attributable to soft-tissue injuries rose from 44.7 percent of all claims in 1980 to 50.6 percent in 1989. Concurrently, the share of costs attributable to soft-tissue injuries rose from 41 pereent to 48.8 percent. The share of costs for injuries that crush or fracture a bone—easy-to-monitor claims—is the only category that declined between 1980 and 1989. Using a multinomial logit model, the authors determine that most of the increase in soft-tissue injury is attributable to the expansion of HMOs. Specifically, they ascribe the rise in such injuries to moral hazard response by HMO providers, who increase their revenue by classifying as woik-related injuries as many health conditions as possible. ... 

Lin YK, Evaluate the performance of a stochastic-flow network with cost attribute in terms of minimal cuts. Reliability Engineering and Systems Safety, 91(2006) pp. 539-545. 

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