Common stock

Equity Financing Typically, the company balance sheet will show the stockholders equity and list the preferred stock, common stock, and retained earnings as in Table 9-23. 

Total Stockholders Equity. The total stockholders equity is the sum of the preferred stock, common stock, capital surplus, and accumulated retained earnings. 

The stockholders equity is the interest that stockholders have in the business and is the net worth of the company, namely, total assets minus total liabilities. The total stockholders equity is the sum of the preferred stock, common stock capital surplus, and accumulated retained earnings. 

Reconstitution of parenterals is commonly performed on hospital wards by physicians or nurses. The risk of erroneous preparatimi and microbiological contamination during handling, can be reduced if the hospital pharmacy performs recOTistitution under specific precautions (see also Sect. 31.3 Aseptic handling). These reconstituted medicines are supplied to the wards either labelled for individual patients or as a batch as ward stock. Common products that are reconstituted in the pharmacy instead of on the wards (see also Sect. 31.3.2) ... 

Low temperature filtration (qv) is a common final refining step to remove paraffin wax in order to lower the pour point of the oil (14). As an alternative to traditional filtration aided by a propane or methyl ethyl ketone solvent, catalytic hydrodewaxing cracks the wax molecules which are then removed as lower boiling products. Finished lubricating oils are then made by blending these refined stocks to the desired viscosity, followed by introducing additives needed to provide the required performance. Table 3 Usts properties of typical commercial petroleum oils. Methods for measuring these properties are available from the ASTM (10). 

Defoamers. Foam is a common problem in papermaking systems (27). It is caused by surface-active agents which are present in the pulp slurry or in the chemical additives. In addition, partially hydrophobic soHd materials can function as foam stabilizers. Foam can exist as surface foam or as a combination of surface foam and entrained air bubbles. Surface foam usually can be removed by water or steam showers and causes few problems. Entrained air bubbles, however, can slow drainage of the stock and hence reduce machine speed. Another serious effect is the formation of translucent circular spots in the finished sheet caused by permanently entrained air. 

Processing. Polycarbonates may be fabricated by ah. conventional thermoplastic processiag operatioas, of which iajectioa mol ding is the most common. Recommeaded operatiag coaditioas are stock temperatures of 275—325°C and mol ding pressures of 69—138 MPa (10,000—20,000 psi). 

Silica. The main uses of siUca are in the treads of off-the-road tines for improved chunking and tear resistance and as a component of the bonding system for brass and 2inc-plated steel cord. These are commonly used in radial passenger and tmck tire belt skim stock. In addition the body pHes of steel radial tmck tires, hoses and belts, and footwear use significant volumes of siUca as a reinforcing filler. 

Automotive Refinish Paints. Paint for appHcation to automobiles after they have left the assembly plant is a significant market. Although some of this paint is used for fuU repainting, especiaHy of commercial tmcks, most is used for repairs after accidents, commonly just one door or part of a fender, and so forth. In order to be able to serve this market, it is necessary to supply paints that match the colors of aH cars and tmcks, both domestic and imported, that have been manufactured over the previous ten years or so. Repair paints for the larger volume car colors are manufactured and stocked, but for the smaller volume colors formulas are suppHed by the coatings manufacturer to the paint distributor that permit a reasonable color match for any car by mixing standard bases. 

Capital Investment. Erom the viewpoint of a project, all of the capital that must be raised is external capital. Equity capital is the ownership capital, eg, common and preferred stocks or retained cash, whereas debt capital consists of bonds, mortgages, debentures, and loans. Nearly all investment involves a mixture of both types so as to maximize the return on investment (21). The debt ratio (debt/total capital) for the chemical industry is typically over 30%. Because financial details are not well known during the preliminary phases of project analysis, the investment is viewed simply as the total capital that must be expended to design and build the project. 

Common stock, 20 par value Shares authorized, 7,750,000 Shares issued, 4,794,450... 

The issue of common stock is the basic method of financing a com-... 

Eany Common stockholders take the ultimate risk in a business ecause they have no right to a return on their investment. However, they have the right to elect the direciors of the company, who in turn are responsible for the management of the business. Stockholders are likely to vote the board of direciors out if adequate dividends are not paid. Usually the hability of stockholders is limited to the nominal, or par, value of their stock, and hence they can lose only what they have already paid for the stock. If the hability is not hmited by law, the personal assets of the stockholders are at risk in the event of company bankruptcy, in proportion to the amount of stock held. 

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