Maintenance and Servicing Costs

Solvent evaporation has to be carried out with a minimum total cost. This implies minimal energy consumption with respect to the evaporation rate, but also investment costs, maintenance and service costs have to be in an acceptable range. Solution concentration by evaporation of solvent, is carried out in single or multistage evaporation units with or without thermal or mechanical vapor compression, or in multistage flash evaporation units. Common evaporation units include circulating evaporators, continuous (single pass) evaporators or flash evaporators. 

Gas turbines, like other mechanical devices, require inspection, maintenance, and service. Maintenance costs include the combustion system, hot-gas path, and major inspections. (See Chapter 21.) The effect of fuel type on maintenance costs is shown in Table 12-8. A cost factor is shown using natural gas as unity. The cost of maintenance is subject to great variations. Recognizing the great difficulty in establishing expected maintenance costs... 

A common point of chemical injection is at the main header. Injection here insures that chemical will be introduced continuously into all of the production The single injector gives a low-cost initial installation and provides for minimum maintenance and servicing Such savings may offset the cost of extra chemical which is usually required because of less agitation and lime. 

The fixed operating costs are those that do not change with production level. The most important is the cost of operating, maintenance and service labour, plus its management, but also included are such items as insurances of all kinds, local taxes, waste disposal (which may be a fixed cost rather than a running cost) and energy tax (carbon levy). Apart from labour, the cost of which is based upon the nature of the plant (its complexity, its level of automation), these other fixed costs are usually obtained by factoring from the plant s capital cost. 

A successful BEWS is relatively inexpensive. In the calculation of costs the purchase price may not be the dominant factor, however. Running costs for maintenance and servicing, including consumables and staff costs, will in the end determine the cost effectiveness. Often the frequency of servicing and/or the replacement of organisms will be the dominant cost factor, especially if this is on a weekly basis. 

Maintenance and repair costs (M R) are a deductible corporate expense against taxable income. Using appropriate tax terminology on all M R work orders will save your company money. The costs associated with Capital Expenditures (capital) and Service to Operations are not deductible. Key words used in computerized materials management databases should help clarify these categories and should be used for effective cost savings. See Figure 2-15. 

Recognition of certain basic principles of building layout can help the design engineer make judicious decisions. The fundamental principle is to secure, minimum total building costs (amortized first cost, plus maintenance and operating cost of building services). The total required... 

Fibre choice is complex where cost often outweighs performance. For industrial composites, E glass therefore dominates. In aerospace, where cost can be spread over a longer life, often with savings in maintenance and service, carbon and other high-performance fibres are selected. For example, the high-modulus carbon fibres provide the highest dimensional stability of satellite dishes, where performance is critical. 

Some of the factors that engfneets consider when selecting a motor for an application are (a) motor type, (b) motor speed (rpm), (c) motor performance in terms of torque output, (d) efficiency, (e) duty cycles, (f) cost, life eaqpectancy, (h) noise level, (i) maintenance and service requirements. Most of these are sdfeaqjlanatoiy. We discussed speed and torque in previous chapters next we will discuss motor types and duty cycles. 

Additionally, a set of other factors should be always taken into consideration to determine the final pavement design. These factors are construction cost, ease and cost of future maintenance and service life. As a consequence, pavement design is not a merely computational procedure following a particular methodology, but a rather complicated techno-economic procedure. 

When considering the total cost of a process chromatograph, the cost of ongoing maintenance and service is frequently neglected. However, all process chromatographs need periodic maintenance to run reliably, and so planned maintenance should be included in any cost analysis. 

Economic conditions, understood as design requirements, concern the specific cost of the components and labour, all foreseeable maintenance and repair costs, as well as the possible cost of destruction and demolition of concrete structures at the end of their service life. The technical requirements should be satisfied in an economical way and this condition is understood in a general sense. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account that better quality of components and higher level of execution will increase the specific cost of the material, but probably also the quaHty of the product this means the strength and durability of the structure will also be higher. The cost of the components is certainly the easiest to calculate and there is often a trend towards making economies on the consumption of the most expensive component, which may be Portland cement or fibres. In a correct calculation of the total cost it usually appears that the expenses for maintenance of the structure in its Hfetime may be of similar importance. 

The maintenance and servicing of industrial installations is of major importance if serious production losses are to be avoided and the cost of manufacture is to be kept as low as possible. It is therefore essential that plant and equipment preserve their efficiency. From this point of view, maintenance is in the interests not only of the individual manufacturer, but of the economy as a whole. 

In the field of well-established rechargeable systems, lead-acid and nickel/ cadmium for traction and stationary use, much progress was made. Higher performance, longer service life, less maintenance, and lower cost may be fisted here. Let us wait and see what in the future can be realized the only limit is Faraday s law. 

The process equipment must be made of the most corrosion-resistant materials, such as zirconium and its alloys. Zr 702 and Zr 705 are often used to construct process equipment, such as reactors, columns, heat exchangers, pumps, valves, piping systems, trays, and packing. In recent years, zirconium has been replacing stainless alloys after their failures in acetic acid service. ° Zirconium could be the most cost-effective structural material when all issues, such as process efficiency, product yield and quality, safety, maintenance and replacement costs, toxicity, and environmental protection are considered. 

Internal services are costs of services provided by other internal departments (no cash out) such as QC, QA, engineering cost not considered under maintenance and repair, cost of measurement and control, EM (environmental monitoring), logistics (facility and warehouse), scientific support, and housekeeping. 

Preventive maintenance. In preventive maintenance, equipment is repaired and serviced before failures occur. The frequency of maintenance activities is predetermined by schedules. The greater the consequences of failure, the greater the level of preventive maintenance that is justified. This ultimately implies a tradeoff between the cost of performing preventive maintenance and the cost of rimning the equipment imtil failure occurs. Of course, preventive maintenance tasks can also be dictated by safety, environmental, insurance, or other regulatory considerations. 

Although zirconium and its alloys are costly compared with other common corrosion-resistant materials, their extremely low corrosion rates, resulting in long service life and reduced maintenance and downtime cost, make zirconium and its alloys quite cost effective. Table 8.45, which compares costs between S31600 stainless steel and various corrosion-resistant metals and alloys, shows that although R69702 is more costly than stainless steel. Inconel, and titanium alloys, it costs roughly the same as or less than some of the Hastelloys and considerably less than tantalum. 

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