Energy minimizing consumption

Minimize consumption of energy with respect to operating conditions. 

For assessing the sustainability of process design consistent measures should be applied, such to minimize the material waste, energy, water consumption, toxic and pollutant emissions per unit of added value. 

This is a nonlinear optimization problem with eight parameters and nine constraints, called energy-minimization multi-scale (EMMS) modeling, from which the parameter vector X and various energy consumptions can be calculated. 

The above presented results confirm the applicability of the miniature laser mass analyzer LASMA in different earth-based areas, where an express elemental and isotopic analysis is needed. The instrument is especially suitable for in-field environmental studies and meets the basic requirements such as small dimensions and mass high mobility high degree of autonomy operation in various working conditions minimal consumption of energy and consumables easy operation and maintenance easy exchange of the main functional blocks fully-automated analysis cycle, registration and identification of the mass spectra. 

The practice of chemical science and engineering in ways that minimize consumption of materials and energy, produce the least possible amount of waste, and are... 

It would obviously be desirable to eliminate the generation of waste. Practical alternatives are to minimize it by reduction at source or to recycle it. Table 16.7 illustrates the hierarchy of waste minimization practices. Source reduction includes increased process efficiency economies in the use of energy are also relevant, e.g. it may result in a decrease in the consumption of fossil fuels ... 

The fixation of carbon dioxide to form hexose, the dark reactions of photosynthesis, requires considerable energy. The overall stoichiometry of this process (Eq. 22.3) involves 12 NADPH and 18 ATP. To generate 12 equivalents of NADPH necessitates the consumption of 48 Einsteins of light, minimally 170 kj each. However, if the preceding ratio of l ATP per NADPH were correct, insufficient ATP for COg fixation would be produced. Six additional Einsteins would provide the necessary two additional ATP. Prom 54 Einsteins, or 9180 kJ, one mole of hexose would be synthesized. The standard free energy change, AG°, for hexose formation from carbon dioxide and water (the exact reverse of cellular respiration) is +2870 kj/mol. 

The advantages of VAV are that temperature can be controlled while minimizing energy consumption. Also, the system can be smaller because the maximum demand for cooling never occurs simultaneously in all spaces. The disadvantages are the additional space required for die air-handling plants and ductwork. 

Over 80 percent of the world s energy consumption comes from nonrenewable sources that cannot be sustained indefinitely under current practices. If technological advances continue to make conventional energy resources plentiful and affordable for many years to come, the transition to more sustainable energy sources can be smooth and minimally disruptive. 

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