Using words

An important reason for a consistent nomenclature is that we should be able to search the chemical literature and retrieve the information we need, otherwise we will keep reinventing the wheel. 

At the writing of this book, the suggestions by O Keeffe, Yaghi and coworkers concerning the naming of nets are very recent and therefore rarely 

On the other hand, the F-xtended Schafli or vertex symbol notations have been around for a while, but are not in universal use, probably because the assignments are cumbersome to do by hand and prone to errors. 

Thus retrieving publications concerning structures containing 10 -srs nets will not only be incomplete because of the cases where the net was not recognised, the search terms (10,3)-a , srs and SrSi2 will also yield a lot of irrelevant references. 

There arc sirnilar problems with interpenetration when searching literature, as pointed out by Batten [IS], Interpenetration will refer to rr 

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ANSPIPE Calculates pipe break probability using the Thomas Model BETA Calculates and draws event trees using word processor and other input BNLDATA Failure rate data... 

Humans are sensitive to moisture and can reliably describe the humidity of the environment using word scales as demonstrated in Fig. 5.12. The subject s humidity judgments appear to be functions of the air s dew point, a measure of absolute humidity, and are relatively unaffected by the ambient temperature. Further, people are also good at perceiving skin moisture, as illustrated in Fig. 5.13, where perceived skin wettedness is seen to correlate well with measured skin wettedness. 

Sejnowski and Rosenberg used two different sets of words for training (1) 1024 words taken from phonetic transcriptions of informal continuous speech by children and (2) a subset of the 1000 most commonly used words selected from Miriam Webster s Pocket Dictionary. NETtalk was trained on a DEC VAX 11/780 minicomputer. 

Once the mentee has finished speaking, it might sometimes be useful to either summarize or paraphrase what has been said, particularly when you are not sure that you imderstood correctly. You could use words such as Is what your are saying that. ... Please note, however, that in the main you should not be summarizing for the mentee. Instead, it is regarded as best practice to get the mentee to summarize what has been said and learned This activity is especially important at the end of a session. 

From the results of Part A, and using words like soft, ductile, malleable, brittle, hard, or pliable, how would you describe sodium chloride ... 

A chemical reaction is described by means of a shorthand notation called a chemical equation. One or more substances, called reactants or reagents, are allowed to react to form one or more other substances, called products. Instead of using words, equations are written using the formulas for the substances involved. For example, a reaction used to prepared oxygen may be described in words as follows ... 

Stephen S. Hall imagines a day when the MRI machine replaces the couch, when the therapist uses words or odors or pictures to excite and pinpoint circuitry and then the neuroanatomist translates the images into explanations of behavior (Hall, 1997). 

These details easily can be incorporated by using word processing. 

We have been rather glib so far when using words such as heat and temperature , and will be more careful in future. Heat is merely one way by which we experience energy. Everything contains energy in various amounts, although the exact quantity of the energy is not only unknown but unknowable. 

Poetry often uses words in unexpected ways. This forces the reader to consider the deeper meanings of words, while also reflecting on the idea that the poet hopes to get across. Consider both the words and the ideas in this poem by Sir Walter Scott. 

I feel the need for some comment on the quite frequently used word proof in the present context. Amongst philosophers of science there is now wide-ranging support for Popper s thesis that, in principle, one cannot prove any scientific proposition, because it is always possible that progress will make available some other interpretation of the phenomena in question only disproof is possible. However, as I have explained elsewhere [152], in chemistry, a very mature subject, it is often appropriate for practical purposes to use the terms proof and proving without excuses or qualifications. 

The terms reactivity and stability are amongst the most used words in chemistry. In relation to organic cations, they are evidently determined to a large extent by the electrical properties of these species, by which we mean, amongst other features, the charge-distribution and the reduction potential of the ion-in-solution. 

Rule 21 Don t Use Words That Aren t Really Words 77... 

Refrain from using words and phrases with more than one meaning. 

They can sound ridiculous. By using words that are not in your normal vocabulary, you run the risk of using them incorrectly. 

Avoid ambiguous language Don t use words whose multiple meanings may cause confusion be certain the order of words in your sentences conveys the meaning you intend. 

RULE 22 Don t Use Words or Phrases That Might Offend Your Reader... 

If your writing is specifically focused on disabilities or disease, or you must mention them for another reason, don t use words that imply victimization or create negative stereotypes. Terms such as victim, sufferer, poor, afflicted, and unfortunate should be omitted. 

Don t use five words when one will get the point across, or use words considered archaic or pretentious (according to, not as per determine, not ascertain think about, not cogitate). 

QUIZ 3 DON T USE WORDS THAT AREN T REALLY WORDS... 

QUIZ 4 DON T USE WORDS OR PHRASES THAT MIGHT OFFEND YOUR READER... 

Correct use of the language, especially the written language, is an important factor. Law, like chemistry, demands a specialized vocabulary. Chemists, of course, are required to use a system of chemical nomenclature which is complex but logical. It further requires a person to develop precision in using words. In chemistry, for example, there is not much difference in the spelling or often in the pronunciation of words such as... 

As we will develop, the language of DNA also uses words. All the words in this language are three letters long. It follows that the sequence GGT is a word in this language. We do not yet know the meaiung of this word— but we wiU. 

Abbreviations and acronyms are agreed-upon short forms for commoniy used words and units. 

Also like syntheses, a clear order of events is conveyed in the procedure. Novice writers inappropriately use words such as first, second, next, and then (examples of ordinal language) to convey the order of events more experienced writers learn to omit most ordinal language. Consider the following example ... 

Use words for numbers less than 10 (nine samples), except for units of time or measure (9 min). 

Use words for numbers that start a sentence, unless the number is part of a chemical name (e.g., "Nineteen samples were analyzed." "2-Butene was added."). 

Science content Have you correctly conveyed the science in your work Have you used words and units correctly If asked, could you define all of the words that you have used Do you understand, in principle, how the instruments described in your methods section work ... 

Experienced writers know how to make their words flow, logically linking thoughts and ideas. One way to achieve fluidity in your writing, particularly in the Introduction section, is to use words or short phrases that create obvious linkages between sentences and/or add emphases to your writing. Consider the italicized examples below. Note how many of these words and phrases are followed by a comma. 

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