Cost effectiveness/structure

More cost-effective structuring — Explosively embossed templates make useful 3D templates for engravers potential technology users... 

This chapter provides the basic principles and information needed by the bridge engineer to plan and design safe and cost-effective structures in areas prone to or already affected by landslides. 

The process equipment must be made of the most corrosion-resistant materials, such as zirconium and its alloys. Zr 702 and Zr 705 are often used to construct process equipment, such as reactors, columns, heat exchangers, pumps, valves, piping systems, trays, and packing. In recent years, zirconium has been replacing stainless alloys after their failures in acetic acid service. ° Zirconium could be the most cost-effective structural material when all issues, such as process efficiency, product yield and quality, safety, maintenance and replacement costs, toxicity, and environmental protection are considered. 

Fibrous composite materials are different, and it is essential to consider all the aspects of the design (including fabrication) together if an efficient, safe and cost-effective structure or artefact is to be produced. There are several reasons for this of which the designer must be aware ... 

In every application, there is a primary structure. This structure forms the backbone of the part. It usually provides the required strength and stiffness, and it may also provide a foundation for other part features. The first step in reducing material cost is to determine what material will provide the most cost-effective structure. The selection may involve other aspects of performance, such as toughness, and considerations for the end-use environment (exposure to heat, chemicals, etc.), but it should also include a calculation of the material cost that is required for the structure. 

Very quickly, one can usually determine which material will provide the most cost-effective structure. Once that is complete, you can then shift design efforts to refine and optimize the structure using that material, making it even more cost-effective. 

Drilling Jackets are small steel platform structures which are used in areas of shallow and calm water. A number of wells may be drilled from one jacket. If a jacket is too small to accommodate a drilling operation, a jack-up rig (see below) is usually cantilevered over the jacket and the operation carried out from there. Once a viable development has been proven It is extremely cost effective to build and operate jackets in a shallow... 

Deactivation and D D actions can range from stabilization of multiple hazards at a single site or facilities containing chemical or radioactive contamination, or both, to routine asbestos and lead abatement in a nonindustrial structure. Strategies include programs that meet compliance objectives, protect workers, and make certain that productivity and cost-effectiveness are maintained. The content and extent of health and safety-related programs should be proportionate to the types and degrees of hazards and risks associated with specific operations. 

We all hear that composite materials are very expensive, but you have seen in Chapter 1 that, one, material cost is coming down, and, two, composite structures can be less expensive to manufacture than metal structures. An effective structure can be created with an even more-expensive raw material than metals by using less-expensive manufacturing processes. The bottom line is that the initial cost of the structure can in some cases be lower for a composite material than for a metal. Generally, the life-cycle cost of a composite structure is lower than that of a metal structure. 

Composite materials are ideal for structural applications where high strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios are required. Aircraft and spacecraft are typical weight-sensitive structures in which composite materials are cost-effective. When the full advantages of composite materials are utilized, both aircraft and spacecraft will be designed in a manner much different from the present. 

Some structures with a similarity > 0.75 to these appear to be covered by a patent held by a competitor A report by a team in Marketing casts doubt on whether the market for this target is big enough to make development cost-effective... 

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