Lower respiratory symptom

Berwick M, Leaderer BP, Stowijk JA, et al. 1989. Lower respiratory symptoms in children exposed to nitrogen dioxide from unvented combustion sources. Environment International 15(l-6) 369-373. 

Boezen HM, van der Zee SC, Postma DS, Vonk JM, Gerritsen J, Hoek G, et al Effects of ambient air pollution on upper and lower respiratory symptoms and peak expiratory flow in children. Lancet 1999 353 874-878. (Ila)... 

Buyantseva LV, Tulchinsky M, Kapalka GM, et al. Evolution of lower respiratory symptoms in New York police officers after 9/11 a prospective longitudinal study. J Occup Environ Med 2007 49 310 317. 

Studies of lower respiratory symptoms have been conducted during winter periods in panels of children in Utah Valley (61,62), the Netherlands (63,64), and dining summer periods in panels of children in six U.S. cities (53) and Pennsylvania (65). The combined weighted average from these studies gives an estimated effect of 3.0% (95% Cl 1.5-4.5% 36) increase in lower respiratory symptoms with each 10-p.g/m increase in daily mean PMio concentrations. For upper respiratory symptom reports, the weighted average effect estimate was only a 0.7% (95% Cl -0.1 to 1.5% 36) increase in upper respiratory symptoms with each 10- xg/m increase in daily mean PMio. 

Signs and Symptoms Diagnosis of psittacosis can be difficult. There is a variable clinical presentation but may include fever, headache, muscle pain (myalgia), chills and upper or lower respiratory tract disease, and dry cough. Pneumonia is often evident in chest x-rays. 

Although a causal relationship cannot be established, recent studies have suggested an association between asphalt fume exposure and acute lower respiratory tract symptoms including coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. ... 

Respiratory disease In general, antihistamines are not recommended to treat lower respiratory tract symptoms, because their anticholinergic effects may cause thickening of secretions and impair expectoration. However, several reports indicate antihistamines can be safely used in asthmatic patients with severe perennial allergic rhinitis. 

The appearance of allergic symptoms results not only from ingestion of seafood, but can also be triggered from inhaling cooking vapors and handling seafood in the domestic as well as in the occupational environment (Goetz and Whisman 2000 Jeebhay et al. 2001 Taylor et al. 2000). Symptoms manifest mainly as upper and lower airway respiratory symptoms and dermatitis, while anaphylaxis is rarely seen with this type of exposure. 

Symptoms and signs consistent with an acute lower respiratory tract... 

C asthmatic (5 men and S wmen, aged 18-25) 0 0,0.8, or 1.8 45 min (15 min exercise, 15 min nest, 15 min exercise) No treatment related effects, including increase in severity of upper respiratory lower respiratory, other symptoms no significant differences between treated and control groups in pulmonary function tests (total respiratory resistance, thoracic gas volume at functional residual capacity, forced expiratory volume, forced viral capacity, maximal flow at 50% and 75% of expired vital capacity) no changes in nasal power data between treated and control groups Stevens et al. 1992... 

Q3 A type 1 hypersensitivity reaction is responsible for the development of the allergy. The symptoms are due to the effects of mast cell degranulation with the release of histamine. Mast cells are located in the nasal passages and the nasal mucosa is sensitive to the effects of histamine released from these cells, leading to inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose. The inflammation is associated with oedema and swelling, vasodilation and an increase in the secretion of mucus. The mucous membrane of other sections of the respiratory tract (accessory sinuses, nasopharynx, and upper and lower respiratory tract) will also be affected by the allergic reaction. 

Respiratory Acute infection of the upper and /or lower respiratory tract Specific diagnosis of acute respiratory tract infection (RTI) Acute nonspecific diagnosis of RTI Acute nonspecific symptoms of RTI such as cough, shorfness of breafh Anthrax (inhaiationai) Tularemia Plague (pneumonic)... 

Severe dermal exposure Sudden coma, seizures, flaccid paralysis with apnea, miosis, diarrhea, and a victim who is wet (lacrimation, salivation, urination, sweating, copious upper and lower respiratory secretions). Onset of symptoms may be delayed by 30 minutes following exposure as the agents transit the skin. 

Phosgene is a gas with low water solubility. Exposure to this gas tends to predominantly affect the lower respiratory tree. An initially asymptomatic period for the first few hours after exposure is common. Onset of symptoms may first occur 24 hours after exposure. Typical symptoms include cough and shortness of breath. Pulmonary edema may develop. 

Stachybotrys chartarum is one of the most commonly noted agents associated with so-called sick building or damp building-related syndrome and damp building-related illnesses (DBRI). While upper and some lower respiratory tract symptoms have been accepted as causally linked to human exposure to moldy damp indoor environments, other reported effects, including airflow obstruction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary hemorrhage, neurologic effects and cancer, have not (Institute of Medicine, 2004). An excellent recent review of S. chartarum, associated trichothecene mycotoxins, and DBRI is available (Pestka et al, 2008). 

A 29-year-old woman with ulcerative cohtis taking mesalazine 1 g tds developed respiratory distress (40). Her respiratory symptoms (chest pain and respiratory distress, especially exertional dyspnea) occurred 48 hours after she started to take mesalazine and disappeared immediately on withdrawal. Similar sjmptoms recurred on rechallenge 3 weeks later in a lower dose of 500 mg bd. Chest X-ray and white cell count a day later were normal. 

Case Conclusion Based on GL s history of nonadherence and his symptoms of rash, nausea, and vomiting, abacavir hypersensitivity is suspected and the agent is discontinued. The symptoms most commonly associated with abacavir hypersensitivity reaction are fever, rash, Gl effects (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal pain), lethargy or malaise, and upper or lower respiratory effects. The majority of symptoms include either fever or rash and laboratory abnormalities may include elevated LFTs, increased creatine phosphokinase or Cr, and lymphopenia. Another nucleoside analogue is started and his symptoms resolve. He is counseled on the importance of adherence, especially when he travels. 

Pneumonia is an infection in the lungs caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or chemical irritants. Pneumonia starts as an upper respiratory infection as a result of acute pharyngitis or acute rhinitis and leads to a lower respiratory infection. Pneumonia is contagious and spreads via droplets in the air from coughing and sneezing. Symptoms of pneumonia can occur 3 days after the upper respiratory infection. 

Most of the chemicals in Table 11.2 target the respiratory system and CNS. Exposures in arts and crafts use are almost always to mixtures of lipophilic and hydrophilic chemicals. When used in areas with poor air circulation (as is often the case in home use) the result can be unexpected acute toxicity. For example, it has been reported that exposure to formaldehyde and terpene hydrocarbons at very low levels unexpectedly produced dyspnea and other lower-lung symptoms in wood workers. The effects could not be attributed to either the formaldehyde or the terpenes alone at low levels of exposure In another example, it was reported that chronic exposure to a combination of very low concentrations of MEK, ethyl acetate, and aliphatic hydrocarbons in a leather adhesive formulation induced unanticipated CNS effects. Some products that are considered by most... 

---